AP World History Unit 2

Networks of Exchange (c. 1200-1450)
Jan van der Crabben
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This collection gathers articles, definitions, and maps covering the trade routes, travelers, and networks of exchange related to Unit 2: Networks of Exchange of the AP® World History: Modern curriculum. In here, you will find resources for teachers, providing the materials needed to explore how goods, ideas, and people moved between distant regions of the world during this period.

⬇️ Scroll down to see the collection!

Ideas for Teachers

  • Two-way Silk Road trade: Have your students list the goods moving west to east and in the opposite directions, as listed in the Silk Road article. Then discuss why paper and gunpowder had a greater impact on world history than silk itself.
  • Mongol Empire flowchart: Ask students to create a flowchart based on the information found in the Mongol Empire and Kublai Khan articles, showing the effect of the Mongols' policies on trade (yam postal system, tax incentives for merchants, paper money, road building, etc.).
  • Compare ocean trade networks: Have students read the Kilwa and the Seven Voyages of Zheng He articles side by side and compare what each of them reveals about Indian Ocean trade networks.
  • Trans-Saharan gold & salt trade: Based on the articles Mansa Musa I, Timbuktu, and The Camel Caravans of the Ancient Sahara, ask your students to explain the importance of camel caravans for trans-Saharan trade, as well as its importance.
  • Primary source analysis: Ask your students to pick either the Ibn Battuta or the Margery Kempe article to identify the primary author's point of view, the purpose of their writing, and who their likely audience would have been.
  • Trade routes & the Black Death: Use the Black Death article and the Map of the Trade Networks in the Middle Ages to have students trace how said trade networks may have carried the plague from Asia into Europe.

Browse the collection below to find materials that fit your teaching style and feel free to adapt them to your students. Note that our articles are print-friendly, and there is a PDF export button on each article page.

Articles & Definitions

Silk Road
Definition

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China in 130 BCE, which linked...
Mongol Empire
Definition

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire (1206-1368) was founded by Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227), first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples...
Genghis Khan
Definition

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (aka Chinggis Khan) was the founder of the Mongol Empire which he ruled from 1206 until his death in 1227. Born Temujin...
Kublai Khan
Definition

Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan (Qubilai-Qan) was the ruler of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294. His accomplishments include establishing Mongol rule...
Mongol Multiculturalism
Article

Mongol Multiculturalism

The Mongol Empire accepted and promoted many other cultures. Historians often talk about cultural exchange across Asia in...
Swahili Coast
Definition

Swahili Coast

The Swahili Coast on the shores of East Africa was a region where Africans and Arabs mixed to create a unique identity from the...
Kilwa
Definition

Kilwa

Kilwa, an island located off the coast of East Africa in modern-day southern Tanzania, was the most southern of the major Swahili Coast...
The Seven Voyages of Zheng He
Article

The Seven Voyages of Zheng He

Admiral Zheng He (aka Cheng Ho, c. 1371-1433 CE) was a Chinese Muslim eunuch explorer who was sent by the Ming dynasty...
Indian Ocean Trade before the European Conquest
Article

Indian Ocean Trade before the European Conquest

Finding a maritime route to the East and gaining access to the lucrative spice trade stood at the root...
Astrolabe
Definition

Astrolabe

The astrolabe is an astronomical instrument used from around the 6th century to measure time and position by determining the altitude...
Mali Empire
Definition

Mali Empire

The Mali Empire (1240-1645) of West Africa was founded by Sundiata Keita (r. 1230-1255) following his victory over the kingdom of...
Mansa Musa I
Definition

Mansa Musa I - The Richest Man in History?

Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa from 1312 to 1337. Controlling territories rich...
Timbuktu
Definition

Timbuktu - West Africa's Great Trading Centre

Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) is a city in Mali, West Africa which was an important trade centre of the Mali Empire...
Songhai Empire
Definition

Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire...
The Camel Caravans of the Ancient Sahara
Article

The Camel Caravans of the Ancient Sahara

The camel caravans which crossed the great dunes of the Sahara desert began in antiquity but reached their...
Ibn Battuta
Definition

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69) was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier whose expeditions took him further than any other traveler of his...
Marco Polo
Definition

Marco Polo

Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE) was a Venetian merchant and explorer who travelled to China and served the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan (l...
Margery Kempe
Definition

Margery Kempe

Margery Kempe (l. c. 1373 - c. 1438 CE) was a medieval mystic and author of the first autobiography in English, The Book of Margery...
The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa
Article

The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa

Following the conquest of North Africa by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE, Islam spread throughout West Africa...
Black Death
Definition

Black Death

The Black Death was a plague pandemic that devastated medieval Europe from 1347 to 1352. The Black Death killed an estimated 25-30...
Effects of the Black Death on Europe
Article

Effects of the Black Death on Europe

The outbreak of plague in Europe between 1347-1352 – known as the Black Death – completely changed the world of...

Maps & Infographics

Map of the Silk Road During the Late 8th Century
Image

Map of the Silk Road During the Late 8th Century

In the late 8th century CE, the interconnected caravan routes later termed the “Silk Road” formed a...
Map of the Trade Networks in the Middle Ages, c. 1200
Image

Map of the Trade Networks in the Middle Ages, c. 1200

By the early 13th century (c. 1200 CE), long-distance trade networks across Eurasia and the Mediterranean...
Map of the Mongol Empire: Conquests of Genghis Khan 1206-27
Image

Map of the Mongol Empire: Conquests of Genghis Khan 1206-27 - From tribal unification to imperial rule across Eurasia

The rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the...
Map of the Trade in the Indian Ocean 15th-16th century
Image

Map of the Trade in the Indian Ocean 15th-16th century - From Afro-Asian Exchange to European Intervention

The Indian Ocean trade network of the 15th and 16th centuries...
Map of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa, c.1337
Image

Map of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa, c.1337 - Power, Gold, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network

The Mali Empire (c. 1235 - c. 1672) emerged in the western Sahel...
Map of Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African States
Image

Map of Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African States

A map indicating the major ancient and medieval states in sub-Saharan Africa. Areas and dates relate...
Map of Ibn Battuta’s Travels, 1325-1354
Image

Map of Ibn Battuta’s Travels, 1325-1354 - Medieval Travel, Scholarship & Connectivity in Afro-Eurasia

Ibn Battuta ((Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abd Allāh Al-Lawātī...
Map of Marco Polo’s Travels, 1271 - 1295
Image

Map of Marco Polo’s Travels, 1271 - 1295

Marco Polo’s travels (1271–1295) represent one of the most famous European journeys into Asia during the late...
The Spread of Islam in Africa
Image

The Spread of Islam in Africa

A map indicating the general direction and timings of the spread of Islam in Africa from the 7th to 18th century CE
Map of the Spread of Buddhism Across Asia
Image

Map of the Spread of Buddhism Across Asia - The Making of a Pan-Asian Religion

Buddhism originated in the Ganges Plain of Magadha (modern Bihar, India) during...
Map of the Hanseatic League Trade Network, c. 1400
Image

Map of the Hanseatic League Trade Network, c. 1400

The Hanseatic League (c. 13th–17th centuries) was a powerful network of merchant guilds and cities...
Map of the Spread of the Plague in Europe, 1346 - 1353
Image

Map of the Spread of the Plague in Europe, 1346 - 1353

This map illustrates the spread of the 14th-century plague pandemic, the “Black Death,” which swept...
Map of the Four Khanates of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300
Image

Map of the Four Khanates of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300

This map illustrates the four major khanates that emerged from the Mongol Empire in the early 14th...
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