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Uruk
Definition

Uruk - The First Great City

Uruk was one of the most important cities (at one time, the most important) in ancient Mesopotamia. According to the Sumerian King List, it was founded by King Enmerkar circa 5000/4500 BCE. Uruk is best known as the birthplace...
Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia
Definition

Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia - Era of Many of the "Firsts" in Civilization

The Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia is the modern-day archaeological term for the era in Mesopotamian history – circa 2900 to circa 2350/2334 BCE – during which some of...
Necklaces from Uruk Period
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Necklaces from Uruk Period

These two necklaces were made of red agate and were found inside a grave that dates back to the Uruk period, 4000-3100 BCE, Mesopotamia, Iraq. (The Sulaimaniya Museum, Iraq).
Pottery Dish from Uruk Period
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Pottery Dish from Uruk Period

The outer surface of this large, partially broken, pottery dish is painted in black geometric shapes and pelicans ,while the inside (not shown) is painted with ibex figures. Uruk period, 3500-2800 BCE, Mesopotamia...
Trade in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article

Trade in Ancient Mesopotamia - How Commerce Encouraged Civilization

Local trade in ancient Mesopotamia began in the Ubaid period (circa 6500-4000 BCE), had developed into long-distance trade by the Uruk period (circa 4000-3100 BCE), and was flourishing by...
Matter of Aratta
Article

Matter of Aratta

The Matter of Aratta is the modern-day title for a collection of four poems – Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave, and Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird – concerning the rivalry...
Sumerian King List
Definition

Sumerian King List - Who Was King? And Who Was Not King?

The Sumerian King List (abbreviated as SKL and also known as Chronicle of the One Monarchy) is an ancient Sumerian document whose earliest version is dated to Mesopotamia's Ur III period (circa...
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Definition

Third Intermediate Period of Egypt - Era of Foreign Invasion

The Third Intermediate Period (circa 1069-525 BCE) is the era following the New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) and preceding the Late Period of ancient Egypt (525-332 BCE). Egyptian history...
Uruk-Period Beveled Rim Bowl
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Uruk-Period Beveled Rim Bowl

Beveled rim bowl, from Nippur, Late Uruk period, c. 3300–3100 BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Mesopotamia: The Rise of the Cities
Article

Mesopotamia: The Rise of the Cities - Personal Identity, Safety, and Civilization in the Near East

Once upon a time, in the land known as Sumer, the people built a temple to their god, who had conquered the forces of chaos and brought order to the world. They...
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