AP World History Unit 3

Land-Based Empires (c. 1450–1750)
Jan van der Crabben
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This collection gathers articles, definitions, and maps covering the empires, rulers, and belief systems related to Unit 3: Land-Based Empires of the AP® World History: Modern curriculum. This collection is a single resource for teachers, providing the materials needed to explore how rulers across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas expanded their territories and legitimized their power between 1450 and 1750.

Our encyclopedia's current coverage is strongest on the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. We are still expanding our articles and have yet to cover the Safavid, Mughal, and Qing empires, as well as Sikhism in more detail.

Scroll down to see the full collection.

Ideas for Teachers

  • Gunpowder and expansion: Ask students to read the article 1453: The Fall of Constantinople with a focus on Mehmed II's siege cannons. Then, have them write a paragraph explaining the technological factors behind the Ottoman expansion.
  • Legitimation through architecture: Have your students compare Coricancha and Louis XIV of France via their respective articles. Let them identify how both a gold-lined sun temple and the palace at Versailles served the same political purpose.
  • Divine right: Based on the respective articles, have your students compare and contrast the Inca claim to descent from the sun god with Louis XIV's belief in divine right. Discuss why rulers often reached for religious justification (and whether they still do).
  • 95 Theses: Assign a short excerpt from the Martin Luther's 95 Theses article and have students identify the author's point of view, purpose, and historical context, as well as the intended audience of the document.
  • Transformation of medieval Japan: Using the Edo Period and Samurai articles, ask students to discuss how the Tokugawa Shogunate turned a warrior class into salaried officials, and how rulers benefit from having such professionals on payroll.
  • Trace a religious conflict to its settlement: Examining the Map of the Dominant Religions in Europe and reading the articles Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia, have students map out how the Reformation led to decades of international warfare and how the 1648 settlement resolved this conflict.

Browse the collection below to find materials that fit your teaching style and feel free to adapt them to your students. Note that our articles are print-friendly and there is a PDF export button on each article page.

Articles & Definitions

Ottoman Empire
Definition

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in...
Mehmed II
Definition

Mehmed II

Mehmed II (1432-1481 CE), also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was the seventh and among the greatest sultans of the Ottoman Empire...
1453: The Fall of Constantinople
Article

1453: The Fall of Constantinople

The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as...
Suleiman the Magnificent
Definition

Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the Magnificent (aka Süleyman I or Suleiman I, r. 1520-1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the...
Battles & Conquests Of The Ottoman Empire (1299-1683)
Article

Battles & Conquests Of The Ottoman Empire (1299-1683)

Spanning across three continents and holding dominance over the Black and Mediterranean Seas, the...
Royal Women in the Mughal Empire
Article

Royal Women in the Mughal Empire

It was not only the Mughal emperors that left an indelible mark in the history of the Indian subcontinent but also...
Songhai Empire
Definition

Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire...
Ming Dynasty
Definition

Ming Dynasty

The imperial Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. It replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty which had been in power since the 13th...
Edo Period
Definition

Edo Period

The Edo period refers to the years from 1603 until 1868 when the Tokugawa family ruled Japan. The era is named after the city of Edo...
Samurai
Definition

Samurai

The samurai (also bushi) were a class of warriors that arose in the 10th century in Japan and which performed military service until...
Coricancha
Definition

Coricancha

The religious complex of Coricancha (Qorikancha) in the Inca capital at Cuzco contained the Temple of the Sun which was not only the...
Aztec Sacrifice
Definition

Aztec Sacrifice - How the Aztecs Kept Their Gods Happy

The religion of the Aztec civilization which flourished in ancient Mesoamerica (1345-1521 CE) has...
Louis XIV of France
Definition

Louis XIV of France - The Sun King

Louis XIV (1638-1715) reigned as King of France from 1643 to 1715. Known as Le Roi Soleil ('the Sun King'), he fervently...
Protestant Reformation
Definition

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century...
Martin Luther
Definition

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) was a German priest, monk, and theologian who became the central figure of the religious and cultural...
Martin Luther's 95 Theses
Article

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

Martin Luther's 95 Theses of 31 October 1517, although they have since come to represent the beginning of the Protestant...
John Calvin
Definition

John Calvin

John Calvin (l. 1509-1564) was a French Reformer, pastor, and theologian considered among the greatest of the Protestant Reformation...
English Reformation
Definition

English Reformation

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th...
Counter-Reformation
Definition

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation (also known as the Catholic Reformation, 1545 to c. 1700) was the Catholic Church's response to the...
Council of Trent
Definition

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to...
Thirty Years' War
Definition

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating...
Peace of Westphalia
Definition

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia, the name given to the multiple treaties, marked the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War. Signed on...
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