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Map of the Nabatean Kingdom at its greatest extent, c. 85 BCE.

A map indicating the area controlled by the African kingdom of Axum (1st-8th century CE) on the coast of the Red Sea.

At the time of Philip II’s death (reign 359–336 BCE), the Kingdom of Macedon had emerged as the dominant power in the Hellenic world. Through sustained military reform, most notably the development of the Macedonian phalanx, and a combination...

This map illustrates the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2055–1650 BCE), a period of reunification, stability, and cultural flourishing that followed the turbulence of the First Intermediate Period. Spanning roughly four centuries, it saw the...

The Zulu Kingdom emerged in the early 19th century as a centralized and militarized state under Shaka Zulu (reign c. 1816–1828), whose reforms reshaped regional power dynamics in southeastern Africa. By the later 19th century, the kingdom...

The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1570–1069 BCE) marks the apex of ancient Egypt’s political power, territorial expansion, and imperial ambition. Emerging from the expulsion of the Hyksos and the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I (reign c...

Only the upper half of this granite statuette of a seated man has survived. The inscriptions on the back of the statuette read "offerings given of the king to Bastet mistress of Bast for the ka of ". The inscriptions appear not to be written...

This is the upper part of a sandstone statue which was found near Rowanduz village, modern Sulaimaniya Governorate, Iraq. The lack of inscriptions on this statue make it difficult to determine who this bearded man was. The statue is from...

A portrait of Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-59), the British engineer and key figure of the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840). By John Horsley, c. 1870. (From The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer, 1870, by Isambard...

The Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (435–534 CE) emerged as one of the most significant post-Roman states in the western Mediterranean. Founded after the Vandals, a Germanic people originally from Central Europe, and the Alans, an Iranian-speaking...