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Map of the East India Company Trade, c.1800
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Map of the East India Company Trade, c.1800

The English East India Company (EIC) was established by Royal Charter on 31 December 1600 under Queen Elizabeth I (reign 1558–1603), granting it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Initially conceived as a commercial...
Portuguese Malacca
Definition

Portuguese Malacca

The Portuguese colonised Malacca (modern Melaka) on the southwest coast of the Malay peninsula from 1511 and kept it until 1641 when the Dutch took over. The port controlled the Malay Straits which lead from the Indian Ocean (the Andaman...
Jezebel
Definition

Jezebel

Jezebel (d. c. 842 BCE) was the Phoenician Princess of Sidon who married Ahab, King of Israel (r. c. 871 - c. 852 BCE) according to the biblical books of I and II Kings, where she is portrayed unfavorably as a conniving harlot who corrupts...
John Hawkins
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John Hawkins

Sir John Hawkins (1532-1595 CE) was an Elizabethan mariner, merchant and naval administrator who has the inglorious (if not wholly accurate) record of being England's first slave trader. In the 1560s CE Hawkins trafficked slaves from West...
Dido
Definition

Dido - Legendary Queen of Tyre

Queen Dido (aka Elissa, from Elisha, or Alashiya, her Phoenician name) was a legendary Queen of Tyre in Phoenicia who was forced to flee the city with a loyal band of followers. Sailing west across the Mediterranean, she founded the city...
Stela of Kulamuwa with Phoenician Inscription
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Stela of Kulamuwa with Phoenician Inscription

Plaster mould of a stela found in Sam'al (modern Zincirli, Turkey), dated to 825 BCE. It shows king Kulamuwa alongside a long inscription in Phoenician writing. In his left hand, the king holds a lotus in his left hand and four divine symbols...
Phoenician Bronze Bowl from Nimrud
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Phoenician Bronze Bowl from Nimrud

Over 150 bronze bowls were found in a palace at the city of Nimrud. These bowls were made in Phoenicia (modern-day Lebanese and Syrian coasts), and were brought to Nimrud as tribute or booty by one of the kings who campaigned in the west...
History of the Phoenicians: The Maritime Superpowers of the Mediterranean
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History of the Phoenicians: The Maritime Superpowers of the Mediterranean

The Phoenicians were the maritime superpowers of the Mediterranean. Their culture flourished and was at its most powerful between 1500 and 332 BCE when Alexander the Great entered the region and decimated the cities and their populations...
Map of the Hanseatic League Trade Network, c. 1400
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Map of the Hanseatic League Trade Network, c. 1400

The Hanseatic League (c. 13th–17th centuries) was a powerful network of merchant guilds and cities that dominated trade across northern Europe for centuries. Emerging in the late Middle Ages, the League united towns from Lübeck, Hamburg...
Phoenician Sailors
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Phoenician Sailors

Artist's impression of Phoenician seafarers leaving port. The Phoenicians were famous around the Mediterranean for their naval trade, exploration and colonization. Created by Amplitude Studios for the video game Humankind.
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