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Assyrian Relief Showing Babylonian Prisoners
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Relief Showing Babylonian Prisoners

Assyrian alabaster panel showing Babylonian prisoners in a camp, from the North Palace at Nineveh, Northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, Neo-Assyrian Empire, reign of Ashurbanipal II, 668-630 BCE. To the left, an Assyrian soldier stands...
Mesopotamian Warfare
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Warfare - Early Development of Armed Conflict

Ancient Mesopotamian warfare progressed from companies of a city's militia in Sumer to the professional standing armies of Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia, and from conflicts over land or water rights to wars of conquest and political...
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
Definition by Dr Avantika Lal

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire

The Gurjara-Pratiharas, or simply, the Pratiharas (8th century CE - 11th century CE) held their sway over western and northern India. This dynasty saw its fortunes rising under Nagabhata I (730–760 CE) who successfully defeated Arab invaders...
Ardashir I
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ardashir I

Ardashir I (l. c. 180-241 CE, r. 224-240 CE) was the founder of the Persian Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) and father of the great Sassanian king Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE). He is also known as Ardashir I Babakan, Ardeshir I, Ardashir the Unifier...
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were the fabled gardens which beautified the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 BCE). One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, they are the only...
Babylonian Cuneiform Lexical List
Image by The Trustees of the British Museum

Babylonian Cuneiform Lexical List

Late Babylonian lexical list of personal names on a clay tablet.
Stela from Babylonian Marduk Temple
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Stela from Babylonian Marduk Temple

This stela came from the Temple of Marduk in Babylon. It is a commemorative monument set up in honour of a private individual called Adad-Etir. He was an official in the temple, known as 'the dagger bearer', and this stela was erected by...
Babylonian Statue of Enki
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Babylonian Statue of Enki

A statue of Ea, the Akkadian god of water (related to the Sumerian god Enki). Ea is enthroned and holds a cup in his left hand, the right hand has been lost to time. He is accompanied by two creatures (half human and half fish) reclining...
Mesopotamian Government
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Government - Helping and Serving the Gods

Ancient Mesopotamian government was based on the understanding that human beings were created to help and serve the gods. The high priest, king, assembly of elders, governors, and any other officials were recognized as stewards chosen by...
Cortés & the Fall of the Aztec Empire
Article by Mark Cartwright

Cortés & the Fall of the Aztec Empire

The Aztec empire flourished between c. 1345 and 1521 CE and dominated ancient Mesoamerica. This young and warlike nation was highly successful in spreading its reach and gaining fabulous wealth, but then all too quickly came the strange visitors...
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