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Hymn to Nungal
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hymn to Nungal

The Hymn to Nungal (c. 2000-1600 BCE) is a Sumerian poem praising Nungal, the goddess of prisons and rehabilitation (also associated with the underworld), as well as the prison house she presided over. The piece, also known as Nungal A, was...
Detail of the War Scene of the Standard of Ur Showing Sumerian Warriors
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Detail of the War Scene of the Standard of Ur Showing Sumerian Warriors

This is a detail of the so-called "War Scene" of the Standard of Ur. This detail is part of the left half of the middle register. Here, six Sumerian soldiers stand and stride to the right. They wear leather head caps and cloaks as well as...
The Standard of Ur
Image by Trustees of the British Museum

The Standard of Ur

From Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600-2400 BC This object was found in one of the largest graves in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, lying in the corner of a chamber above the right shoulder of a man. Its original function is not yet understood...
Headdress and Necklaces from the Royal Cemetery of Ur
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Headdress and Necklaces from the Royal Cemetery of Ur

An elaborate headdress and necklace made of gold, lapis lazuli, and carnelian which belonged to a high-level Sumerian woman. These were found in the "Great Death-Pit", one of the graves in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. From Ur, southern Mesopotamia...
The Mask of Warka
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Mask of Warka

The mask of Warka, the first almost complete and life-size depiction of the human face in history, with respect to its anatomical details. It is made of marble and is about 20 cm tall. The eyes may have been inlaid with shells and lapis lazuli...
Imperial Tsarevich Egg by Fabergé
Image by Diaper

Imperial Tsarevich Egg by Fabergé

The 1912 Imperial Tsarevich Egg by Peter Carl Fabergé (1846-1920). The egg was given by Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) to his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. The egg is made of gold and six lapis lazuli sections with diamond decoration. The latticework...
Cylinder Seal with a King Pouring an Offering to Shamash
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Cylinder Seal with a King Pouring an Offering to Shamash

This lapis lazuli cylinder seal shows a libation scene. A robed king stands before the ascending Sun God Shamash and pours an offering. The suppliant goddess (with necklace counterweight) stands behind the king. The God holds a wedge and...
The Golden Lyre of Ur at the Iraq Museum
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Golden Lyre of Ur at the Iraq Museum

This is the finest among all lyres found at the Royal Cemetry at Ur and was given to the Iraq Museum; the other lyres were divided between the British Museum in the UK and the Penn Museum in the USA. The head of this bull is a replica and...
Chariot in the War Scene of the Standard of Ur
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Chariot in the War Scene of the Standard of Ur

This is a detail of the so-called "War Scene" of the Standard of Ur. This detail is the left end of the top register. Here, on the left, a Sumerian soldier stands behind a four-wheeled chariot. He wears a flounced skirt and a leather head...
The Royal Game of Ur
Image by Jan van der Crabben (Photographer)

The Royal Game of Ur

The Royal Game of Ur, as exhibited in the British Museum, London. Early Dynastic III, about 2600 BC. Game boards of this type were found in at least six royal graves at Ur. They are made of wood, inlaid with carnelian, shell, and lapis...
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