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James II of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

James II of England

James II of England (r. 1685-1688) reigned briefly as the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland until he was deposed by the Glorious Revolution of November 1688. James, also known as James VII of Scotland, was the fourth Stuart monarch...
Caernarfon Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Caernarfon Castle

Caernarfon Castle (aka Caernarvon) is located in North Wales and was first built from 1283 CE by Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307 CE) to help, along with several other major castles, control the newly conquered area. As the administrative...
Chepstow Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Chepstow Castle

Chepstow Castle, located in Monmouthshire, South Wales, was first built c. 1067 by William FitzOsbern and then significantly improved c. 1190 CE by Sir William Marshal (c. 1146-1219 CE), one of England's greatest ever knights who served four...
Nijo Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Nijo Castle

Nijo Castle, located in Kyoto, Japan, was first built in 1603 CE by Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1603-1605 CE), founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868 CE). The castle complex is surrounded by a double moat and made up of three distinct areas...
Butrint
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Butrint

Butrint (ancient name Buthrotum) is located on the fertile coast of Epirus in present-day Albania and was an important settlement in Hellenistic and Roman times due to its position on the route from Italy to mainland Greece down the Ionian...
Glanum
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Glanum

Glanum, located near St-Rémy-de-Provence in southern France, was a Greek and then Roman town which prospered due to its location on trading routes between Italy and the Rhodanus (Rhone River). The town benefitted from a large building project...
The Townley Caryatid
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Townley Caryatid

In Greek and Roman architecture, Caryatids are female figures that stand in place of columns. This example was found in 1585-90 CE near the Via Appia outside Rome. It was acquired by the Peretti family and was kept at the Villa Peretti Montalto...
Circus of Maxentius, Spina
Image by Carole Raddato

Circus of Maxentius, Spina

The Circus of Maxentius is the best-preserved Roman circus in Rome and is second only in size to the Circus Maximus. It lies outside the city, between the second and third milestones along the Appian Way (Via Appia). This circus was part...
End of the Appian Way Column Marker
Image by Mark Cartwright

End of the Appian Way Column Marker

A 19.2 m marble column which dates to the 1st century BCE and was part of an honorary monument in Brindisum. Traditionally, the column was thought to mark the end of the Roman road the via Appia (Appian Way) but inscriptions on the column...
Antisthenes, Cynic Philosopher
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Antisthenes, Cynic Philosopher

Antisthenes (450-370 BCE) was the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy. From near the Via Appia, Rome. Roman copy of a lost Greek original of the late 3rd or 2nd century BCE. (British Museum, London)
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