Pope Gregory XI: Did you mean...?

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

A c. 1914 photograph of Pope Pius X (1903-14). (National Portrait Gallery, London)

Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE. Museo dell'Opera, Florence.

Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805. Louvre Museum, Paris.

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)

The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy...

Saint Thomas Aquinas (l. 1225-1274, also known as the "Ox of Sicily" and the "Angelic Doctor") was a Dominican friar, mystic, theologian, and philosopher, all at once. Although he lived a relatively short life, dying at age 49...

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome...