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Maria Reiche with Paul Kosok
Image by The Maria Reiche Foundation

Maria Reiche with Paul Kosok

Maria Reiche with Paul Kosok in 1939 CE. Image credit: The Maria Reiche Foundation. Maria Reiche was a German-born Peruvian mathematician and archaeologist best known for her research on the Nazca Lines. Paul Kosok was an American professor...
Maria Reiche
Image by The Maria Reiche Foundation

Maria Reiche

Maria Reiche with a large aerial photo of Nazca Lines. She was a German-born Peruvian mathematician and archaeologist best known for her research into the Nazca Lines. Date of photograph is unknown. Image credit: The Maria Reiche Foundation...
Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi

The Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi (c. 1700 BCE) is a Sumerian and later Babylonian poem on the theme of unjust suffering, which is thought to have influenced the biblical Book of Job. Also known as The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer, the title translates...
Gilgamesh and Huwawa
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Gilgamesh and Huwawa

Gilgamesh and Huwawa is a Sumerian poem relating the expedition of Gilgamesh and Enkidu to the Cedar Forest and the slaying of the monster-demon Huwawa. The work predates and informs The Epic of Gilgamesh in which the death of the monster...
Carnac
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Carnac

Carnac, located on the north-west coast of France, is the site of the largest concentration of megalithic monuments in the world. Over 100 monuments, which include burial mounds, stone tombs, enclosures, and linear arrangements of menhirs...
Ancient Andean Mummy Bundle
Image by Steve Montgomery

Ancient Andean Mummy Bundle

A Nazca mummy bundle from Chauchilla, Peru. Then Nazca civilization flourished between 200 BCE and 600 CE. Mummification was a common practice in many ancient Andean cultures.
Hymn to Inanna
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hymn to Inanna

The Hymn to Inanna (also known as The Great-Hearted Mistress) is a passionate devotional work by the poet and high priestess Enheduanna (l. 2285-2250 BCE), the first author in the world known by name. The poem is significant as one of the...
The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest

The Battle of Zama (202 BCE) was the final engagement of the Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) at which Hannibal Barca of Carthage (l. 247-183 BCE) was defeated by Scipio Africanus of Rome (l. 236-183 BCE) ending the conflict in Rome's favor...
Enki's Journey to Nippur
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Enki's Journey to Nippur

Enki's Journey to Nippur (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian origin myth explaining the creation of the temple at Eridu by the god Enki and how musical instruments were ordained for use in festivals in ancient Mesopotamia. The poem formed part of...
The Death of Ur-Nammu
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Death of Ur-Nammu

The Death of Ur-Nammu is a Sumerian lament over the passing of the king Ur-Nammu (r. 2047-2030 BCE), founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, who was killed in battle fighting the Gutians in 2030 BCE. The poem is frequently cited for its depiction...
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