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First Battle of the Somme
Definition by Mark Cartwright

First Battle of the Somme - Britain's Greatest Military Tragedy

The First Battle of the Somme took place in northern France during the First World War from 1 July to 18 November 1916. The battle (not to be confused with the Second Battle of the Somme, aka Somme Offensive of 1918) was fought between German...
Ancient Celtic Pottery
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Celtic Pottery

The pottery of the ancient Celts, although produced over great distances in space and time, shares several common features no matter where it was made, illustrating that there was contact between people living as far apart as Brittany and...
Phaistos Disk
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phaistos Disk

The Phaistos disk is a fired clay disk, probably of Minoan origin, measuring some 16cm in diameter and impressed on both sides with 242 symbols set in a spiral arrangement. As yet, this unique archaeological find remains an undeciphered enigma...
John André
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

John André

Major John André (1750-1780) was a British military officer who served in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). He is best known for negotiating with the American turncoat Benedict Arnold, who offered to hand over the stronghold of...
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
Definition by Liam Groves

Livonian Rhymed Chronicle - An Account of the Livonian Crusade

The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik) is an anonymous account of the Livonian Crusade written in Middle High German, covering the years between 1143 and 1290. It is one of the chief written sources concerning the Livonian...
J. E. B. Stuart
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

J. E. B. Stuart - The Cavalier of the Confederacy

James Ewell Brown Stuart (1833-1864), better known by his initials as J. E. B. Stuart, was a Confederate cavalry general during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Known for his flashy style of dressing and his daring raids behind Union lines...
Inanna and Ebih
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Inanna and Ebih - A Poetic Narrative on Feminine Power

Inanna and Ebih is a Sumerian/Akkadian poem attributed to Enheduanna (circa 2300 BCE), daughter of Sargon of Akkad. The work's original title is Inninmehusa ("Goddess of the Fearsome Powers") and tells the story of the goddess Inanna's victory...
Inanna and Su-kale-tuda
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda - An Ancient Condemnation of the Crime of Rape

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda (circa 1800 BCE) is a Mesopotamian myth dealing with rape and justice in ancient Sumer. The work has been interpreted as an astral myth or a figurative account of the rise of the southern states against Akkad, but...
The Battle of Pharsalus
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Battle of Pharsalus

Pharsalus, in eastern Greece, was the site of a decisive battle in 48 BCE between two of Rome's greatest ever generals: Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar. After several previous encounters, Pharsalus, the biggest ever battle between Romans...
A Praise Poem of Lipit-Estar
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Praise Poem of Lipit-Estar

A Praise Poem of Lipit-Estar is a Sumerian praise song honoring Lipit-Estar (also known as Lipit-Ishtar, r. c. 1870 to c. 1860 BCE), the fifth king of the First Dynasty of Isin, best known for his legal code written between the time of the...
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