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The Song of the Hoe
Article

The Song of the Hoe - Praise for an Ancient Mesopotamian Farming Tool

The Song of the Hoe is a Sumerian praise poem celebrating the hoe for its many uses and linking it to the creation of the world by the great god Enlil. As the economy of Mesopotamia was...
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
Article

Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld

Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld is a Sumerian poem pre-dating The Epic of Gilgamesh and featuring its central characters. It is sometimes included in modern-day translations as Book 12 but is usually omitted...
Hymn to Nisaba
Article

Hymn to Nisaba - A Praise Song for the Sumerian Goddess of Writing

The Hymn to Nisaba (circa 3rd millennium BCE) is a poem praising Nisaba, the Sumerian goddess of writing and accounts who also served as scribe of the gods. The poem is officially dedicated...
The Debate Between Bird and Fish
Article

The Debate Between Bird and Fish - The Age-old Problem of Difficult Neighbors

The Debate Between Bird and Fish (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (circa 2112-circa 2004 BCE) when the genre of the literary debate was especially...
Nazca Geoglyphs on Mountain Top
3D Image

Nazca Geoglyphs on Mountain Top

Flattened mountain at 3 km south of the city of Palpa, Peru with small geoglyphs similar to the larger ones in Nazca. Nasca and Palpa are now considered together as an UNESCO World Heritage Site (see http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/700...
Vercingetorix
Definition

Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix (82-46 BCE) was a Gallic chieftain who rallied the tribes of Gaul (modern-day France) to repel the Roman invasion of Julius Caesar in 52 BCE. His name means "Victor of a Hundred Battles" and was not his birth name...
Battle of Cannae
Definition

Battle of Cannae

The Battle of Cannae (2 August 216 BCE) was the decisive victory of the Carthaginian army over Roman forces at Cannae, southeast Italy, during the Second Punic War (218-202 BCE). The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca (l. 247-183...
Moabite Stone [Mesha Stele]
Definition

Moabite Stone [Mesha Stele]

The Moabite Stone, otherwise known as the Mesha Stele, contains an ancient inscription by Mesha, King of Moab during the late 9th century BCE, elements of which match events in the Hebrew Bible. The inscription describes...
Rosetta Stone
Definition

Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is an incomplete grey and pink granodiorite stela dating from 196 BCE which presents a priestly decree concerning King Ptolemy V of Egypt. The text is in three different versions: Hieroglyphic, Demotic and Greek...
Aeschylus
Definition

Aeschylus

Aeschylus (c. 525 - c. 456 BCE) was one of the great writers of Greek Tragedy in 5th century BCE Classical Athens. Known as 'the father of tragedy', the playwright wrote up to 90 plays, winning with half of them at the great Athenian...
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