Bahmani Sultanate: Did you mean...?

By the early 13th century (c. 1200 CE), long-distance trade networks across Eurasia and the Mediterranean had regained a level of interconnectivity not seen since late antiquity. After the political fragmentation that followed the fall of...

Around 1450 CE, Europe and the Middle East were defined by fragmentation, declining medieval powers, and the rise of new regional states. The Byzantine Empire had contracted to Constantinople and a few outposts, while the Ottoman Empire under...

The 14th century was a time of crisis and transformation across much of the world. Plague, war, shifting power structures, and intellectual ferment reshaped societies from Asia to Africa, Europe to the Americas. Despite profound instability...

Map of the Ayyubid Sultanate at the death of Saladin, 1193 CE, showing its political subdivisions and cities. Borders are approximate only, especially in Yemen and western Arabia.

A plan of the city of Acre at the time of the 1291 CE siege by the Mamluk Sultanate.

Armour for a cavalryman and his horse, produced c. 1500 CE. From the Mamluk Sultanate or Ottoman Empire. Collection of the Hermitage Amsterdam.

Garshasp kills the dragon, illustration from the Shahnameh, Sultanate of Delhi, c. 1450. Rietberg Museum, Zürich.

This stone bowl has two sets of cuneiform inscriptions. The first one says that the bowl was booty brought to Mesopotamia from Magan (modern Sultanate of Oman) by the Akkadian king Naram-Sin (2254-2218 BCE). The second inscription mentions...

A map showing the various states of the Levant c. 1263 CE. Light Blue: Mamluk Sultanate Dark Blue: Latin East

Explore the early days of the Ottoman Empire, as shrewd political rulers grew the principality into an intercontinental empire. In the late 13th Century CE, Osman I established a small principality sandwiched between a crumbling Byzantine...