Bahmani Sultanate: Did you mean...?

Tomb of Raziya Sultan, photograph by Varun Shiv Kapur, Delhi, 17 November 2015. After a coup plot and uprising against her by powerful nobles, Razia Sultan was killed on 14 October 1240. She was buried initially in Kaithal, but her body...

The mausoleum of Qalawun. For a time, Mamluk sultans after him received their coronation here.

Silver dirham of the first Mamluk Sultan Aybak minted in Cairo in 1256 CE.

The mausoleum-madrasa-maristan complex of Qalawun at Bayn al-Qasrayn (al-Muizz street), Cairo.

Gold dinar of Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Ali minted in Cairo in 1258/59 CE.

Wood-handled steel axe with gold decoration, engraved with the insignia of a Mamluk emir who held the honour of being cupbearer to the sultan. Used by a member of an axe-bearing corps, possibly similar to the Varangian Guard which protected...

Hopfer, Daniel (c. 1470-1536 CE): Etching, Three Mamelukes with lances on horseback.

Illustration of the 1366 battle on the Nile river, fought between the forces of the Mamluk emir Yalbugha (c. 14th Century CE-1366 CE) and the Sultan Al-Ashraf Sha'ban (r. 1363–1377).

A dinar of Mamluk Sultan Barakah, minted in Alexandria in 1277/78 CE.

Around 1450 CE, Europe and the Middle East were defined by fragmentation, declining medieval powers, and the rise of new regional states. The Byzantine Empire had contracted to Constantinople and a few outposts, while the Ottoman Empire under...