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20th-Century Sepoy
Image by Major A.C. Lovett

20th-Century Sepoy

An early-20th-century painting by Major A.C. Lovett of a sepoy in the British Indian Army. (From The Armies of India, 1911)
The Crisis of the Third Century
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Crisis of the Third Century - A Pivotal Era of Ancient Rome

The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284) was the period in the history of the Roman Empire during which it splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and the...
Enemies of Rome in the 3rd Century CE
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Enemies of Rome in the 3rd Century CE - The Greatest Enemy of Rome was Rome Itself

It has been said that the greatest enemy of Rome was Rome itself, and this is certainly true of the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284). During this time of almost 50 years, over 20...
Global Trade in the 13th Century
Article by James Hancock

Global Trade in the 13th Century

In the 13th century, astonishing quantities of spices and silk passed from the Far East to Europe. Exact amounts are not known, but spice popularity in both cuisine and medicine reached its historical peak during the Middle Ages in Europe...
Interview: Refugees & Reformation in 16th-Century Frankfurt
Article by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Refugees & Reformation in 16th-Century Frankfurt

In the 16th century, German cities and territories welcomed thousands of refugees fleeing the religious persecution sparked by the Protestant Reformation. In Strange Brethren: Refugees, Religious Bonds, and Reformation in Frankfurt, 1554-1608...
How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature

How we celebrate Christmas today is largely shaped by a small group of authors who recorded festive traditions in the 19th century. These authors include Washington Irving (1783-1859), Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863), and Charles Dickens...
The Sixteenth-Century Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol
Article by Stephen M Davis

The Sixteenth-Century Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol

As the Reformation developed in France in the first half of the 16th century, there were several episodes of severe repression which preceded the Wars of Religion (1562-1598). These were times of great hardship and oppression against those...
New Kingdom of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

New Kingdom of Egypt

The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate...
Map of the Dominant Religions in Europe, 16th Century
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Dominant Religions in Europe, 16th Century - Shaping Nations Through Faith: The Religious Landscape of a Changing Continent

This map illustrates the major religious divisions across Europe during the 16th century, a period marked by the sweeping changes of the Reformation. As Protestant movements challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, the religious landscape...
Map of the World in the 14th Century
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the World in the 14th Century

The 14th century was a time of crisis and transformation across much of the world. Plague, war, shifting power structures, and intellectual ferment reshaped societies from Asia to Africa, Europe to the Americas. Despite profound instability...
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