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The Roman Empire and the Crisis of the Third Century, c. 270 CE - Pretenders, Breakaways, Plague, and the Fight for Unity
The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE) began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander (reign 222–235 CE) in 235 CE, triggering the collapse of centralized imperial authority. Over the next five decades, Roman power fractured...
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Map of the Silk Road During the Late 8th Century
In the late 8th century CE, the interconnected caravan routes later termed the “Silk Road” formed a transcontinental system linking East Asia, Central Asia, the Islamic world, and parts of Europe. The label “Silk Road” (German: Seidenstraße...
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17th-Century Musketeer
A drawing of a typical 17th-century musketeer. Musketeers were a standard component of European infantry armies of the period and particularly during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). Ink and watercolours. Drawn in the 19th century. (British...
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Map of the Trade in the Indian Ocean 15th-16th century - From Afro-Asian Exchange to European Intervention
The Indian Ocean trade network of the 15th and 16th centuries formed one of the most extensive and dynamic systems of exchange in the premodern world, linking East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. This maritime system...
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Map of the Migration Period in Europe in the 4th-5th Century
The Migration Period in Europe (c. 4th–6th centuries CE) marks a prolonged era of movement, conflict, and political transformation rather than a single moment of collapse. Following the death of Emperor Theodosius I (reign 379–395 CE) and...
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Holy Roman Empire in the 13th century CE
A map in German of central Europe during the time of the Hohenstaufen Emperors, primarily showing the territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily. The map is a vectorised version of this map from Professor G. Droysens...
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Map of 12th-Century France
A map showing the various counties and duchies of France at the end of the 12th century.
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Map of the Hellenic Leagues and Hegemonies, 4th century BCE
The political landscape of the Hellenic world shifted dramatically in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), a conflict that ended with Sparta’s victory but left the Greek city-states militarily exhausted and politically fragmented...
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Byzantine & Persian Empires in the 7th Century
A map showing the extent of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century.
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Map of the Early Christian Pilgrimage (4th-5th Century)
The rise of Christian pilgrimage begins after the conversion of Emperor Constantine (reign 306–337 CE) and the legalization of Christianity in the Edict of Milan (313 CE). The word pilgrim comes from the Latin peregrinus meaning “stranger”...
