Mesopotamian Goddesses

Joshua J. Mark
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Mesopotamian goddesses are among the oldest in the world. Inanna is commonly referenced as the most ancient goddess, first worshipped during the Uruk Period (~4000–3100 BCE). Veneration of Inanna and the others developed throughout the Early Dynastic Period (~2900–2350/2334 BCE) and Akkadian Period (2350/2334–2154 BCE) and continued through the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 612 BCE.

During the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE), many of these goddesses were replaced by male deities – Nisaba, goddess of writing, replaced by Nabu, son of Marduk, for example – but many were still being worshipped during the Seleucid Period (312-63 BCE) and afterwards.

Articles & Definitions

Tiamat
Definition

Tiamat - The Great Mesopotamian Goddess of Chaos

Tiamat is the Mesopotamian goddess associated with primordial chaos and the salt sea, best known from...
Inanna
Definition

Inanna - The Most Popular Goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia

Inanna is the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility, procreation, and also of...
Ishtar
Definition

Ishtar

Ishtar (Inanna in Sumerian sources) is a primary Mesopotamian goddess closely associated with love and war. This powerful Mesopotamian...
Ninhursag
Definition

Ninhursag - The Original Mother Earth

Ninhursag (also Ninhursaga) is the Sumerian mother goddess and one of the oldest and most important in the Mesopotamian...
Ereshkigal
Definition

Ereshkigal - Mesopotamian Queen of the Dead

Ereshkigal (also known as Irkalla and Allatu) is the Mesopotamian Queen of the Dead, who rules the underworld...
Nanshe
Definition

Nanshe - The Selfless Sumerian Goddess of Social Justice

Nanshe (also known as Nanse, Nazi) is the Sumerian goddess of social justice and divination, whose...
Gula
Definition

Gula - The Sumerian Goddess of Doctors and the Healing Arts

Gula (also known as Ninkarrak) is the Sumerian goddess of healing and patroness of doctors...
Nisaba
Definition

Nisaba - Sumerian Goddess of Writing and Scribe of the Gods

Nisaba (also Naga, Se-Naga, Nissaba, Nidaba, and associated with Nanibgal) is the Sumerian goddess...
The Hymn to Ninkasi, Goddess of Beer
Article

The Hymn to Ninkasi, Goddess of Beer - A Praise Song and Ancient Beer Recipe

The Hymn to Ninkasi is at once a song of praise to Ninkasi, the Sumerian goddess...
Sauska
Definition

Sauska - The Hurrian's Radiant Goddess of Fertility and War

Sauska (also known as Shaushka, Sausga, and Anzili) was the Hurrian-Hittite goddess of fertility...

Illustrations

Questions & Answers

Who is the oldest Mesopotamian goddess?

Inanna is the oldest Mesopotamian goddess, worshipped during the Uruk Period of 4100-2900 BCE.

When did the worship of goddesses develop in Mesopotamia?

Goddess worship developed in Mesopotamia during the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE) and the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BCE).

When did goddess worship decline in Mesopotamia?

Goddess worship declined in Mesopotamia during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) when they were replaced by male deities. Their worship continued on a smaller scale.

Are Mesopotamian goddesses still worshipped today?

Mesopotamian goddess worship is continued today by Neo-Pagan, Wiccan, and other groups devoted to ancient deities.
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