The Spanish Main refers, in its widest sense, to the Spanish Empire in the Americas from Florida in the north to the northern coast of Brazil in the south, including the Caribbean. The term was initially more limited and referred only to the mainland Spanish territories in northern South America. It was a name particularly popular with writers of pirate fiction as a handy and romantic term to cover the field of operation of privateers, buccaneers, and pirates from the 16th to 18th centuries.
More about: Spanish MainDefinition
Timeline
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1492 - 1493First Voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World in three ships in an attempt to establish maritime trade routes to the East.
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1494A Spanish settlement is founded at La Isabela on the island of Hispaniola.
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7 Jun 1494Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the world into two spheres of influence.
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1498The Spanish settlement of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola is founded.
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1508The Spanish first settle on Puerto Rico.
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1510The Spanish found Nombre de Dios in Panama.
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1511The Spanish first settle on Cuba.
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1519The Spanish found the city of Panama.
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1519Veracruz, Mexico is founded by Hernán Cortés.
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Nov 1519Motecuhzoma II receives Hernán Cortés at the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
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c. 1520 - 1789Spanish treasure fleets transport the riches of the Americas to Spain.
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13 Aug 1521The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan falls into the hands of Spanish forces led by Hernán Cortés.
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1522Jean de Fleury (aka Florin) captures three Spanish treasure ships off Cape Vincent.
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May 1523Hernán Cortés is appointed the first governor of the colony of New Spain (Mexico).
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c. 1530The first Spanish galleons come into operation.
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1532Francsico Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors arrive in South America.
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16 Nov 1532Battle of Cajamarca where the Inca leader Atahualpa is captured and held for ransom by Spanish forces led by Francisco Pizarro.
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15 Nov 1533Francisco Pizarro takes the Inca capital of Cuzco.
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1535Don Antonio de Mendoza is made the first viceroy of New Spain (Mexico and Central America).
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1543The Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru (the former Inca territory) is established.
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1555Captain-General Pedro Menendez de Avilés begins a system of large and escorted convoys for the Spanish treasure fleets.
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Jul 1555The French privateer Jacques de Sores brutally attacks Havana.
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1565 - 1815The Manila galleons each year take eastern trade goods from Manila to Acapulco (and return with American silver).
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1567 - 1568John Hawkins and Francis Drake lead an expedition to transport slaves from west Africa to the Spanish West Indies. The fleet is attacked at San Juan de Ulúa.
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1572 - 1573Francis Drake explores Panama and seizes a Spanish silver mule train.
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1573Spanish royal regulations are issued on town planning in Spanish America.
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Mar 1579Francis Drake captures the Spanish treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción (aka Cacafuego).
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1585 - 1587Sir Francis Drake attacks Spanish vessels and ports in the Spanish Main.
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Aug 1595John Hawkins and Francis Drake lead an unsuccessful expedition against Spanish ships and settlements in Panama and the Caribbean.
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1596Portobelo replaces Nombre de Dios as the chief Atlantic port in Panama.
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28 Jan 1596Sir Francis Drake dies of dysentery at Portobelo, Panama.
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1599Dutch ships begin to take salt from Araya on the coast of Venezuela.
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1620 - 1697Buccaneers operate in the Caribbean and attack both ports and ships along the Spanish Main.
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1620Buccaneers begin to camp and hunt illegally in the western part of Hispaniola (modern Haiti).
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1622The Nuestra Señora de Atocha Spanish treasure ship is wrecked in a storm off the Florida Keys.
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Sep 1628A Dutch force led by Admiral Hein captures the entire New Spain treasure fleet on its way to Havana.
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c. 1630Tortuga becomes a major buccaneer base.
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1642The French engineer Jean Le Vasseur builds a fortress on Tortuga.
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1657Edward D'Oyley, Governor of Jamaica, encourages buccaneers of several nationalities to make Port Royal their base.
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1664The buccaneer Henry Morgan attacks Villahermosa on the Spanish Main.
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1665The buccaneer Henry Morgan attacks Tabasco and Gran Granada on the Spanish Main.
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1667François L'Olonais leads a buccaneer force which attacks Venezuela on the Spanish Main.
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1667 - 1668François L'Olonais leads a buccaneer force which attacks Honduras on the Spanish Main.
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Jul 1668A buccaneer force led by Henry Morgan attacks and captures Portobelo on the Spanish Main.
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Apr 1669A buccaneer force led by Henry Morgan captures the port of Maracaibo. on the Spanish Main.
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Jan 1671A buccaneer force led by Henry Morgan attacks and captures the port of Panama on the Spanish Main.
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Apr 1672The buccaneer Henry Morgan is arrested and sent to London for his unlawful attack on Panama on the Spanish Main.
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1674Sir Henry Morgan is appointed Lieutenant Governor of Port Royal.
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1680Bartholomew Sharp leads buccaneer raids on the Pacific coast of the Spanish Main.
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1681The Jamaican authorities prohibit piracy.
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1681The Nuestra Señora de Encarnación Spanish treasure ship is wrecked in a storm off the coast of Panama.
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1683Laurens De Graaf leads a buccaneer attack on Veracruz on the Spanish Main.
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1684The Buccaneers of America by Alexander Oliver Exquemelin is published in English.
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1684 - 1688Edward Davis leads buccaneer attacks on the Pacific coast of the Spanish Main.
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1697The conquest of the Maya Civilization completed by the Spanish conquistador Martín de Ursúa.
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1697The last great buccaneer operation captures Cartagena on the Spanish Main.
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1697The Peace of Ryswick signed between France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands effectively ends buccaneering in the Caribbean.
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1 Jan 1710The English privateer Woodes Rogers captures the Manila galleon Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación Disengaño.
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1739The Spanish Viceroyalty of New Granada (Venezuela and Colombia) is established.
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1763The Treaty of Paris sees Spain cede Florida to Britain.
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1800Louisiana is ceded to France by the Spanish.
