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Antinomian Controversy
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Antinomian Controversy - Inspiring the Separation of Church and State in the USA

The Antinomian Controversy (1636-1638) was a religious-political conflict that divided the Massachusetts Bay Colony of New England in the 17th century. The disagreement, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, centered on the primacy of...
Marie Dentière
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Marie Dentière

Marie Dentière (l. c. 1495-1561) was a French theologian, writer, and street preacher who advanced the cause of the Protestant Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland. Her written works were controversial primarily because she was a woman and...
Augsburg Confession
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession is the affirmation of faith of the Lutheran Church written by Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) and presented at the Diet of Augsburg in June 1530. The document attempted to reconcile differences between the Lutherans...
Heinrich Bullinger
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Heinrich Bullinger

Heinrich Bullinger (l. 1504-1575) was a Swiss reformer, minister, and historian who succeeded Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) as leader of the Reformed Church in Switzerland and became the theological bridge between Zwingli's work and that...
The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System

The BCE/CE dating system was first used in the 17th century and has been used since in scholarly publications read by people of all faiths and cultures in an effort to be inclusive. This system is also more accurate in that it makes no claim...
Luther's Speech at the Diet of Worms
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Luther's Speech at the Diet of Worms

Martin Luther's speech at the Diet of Worms (also known as the Here I Stand Speech) is considered one of the greatest pieces of oratory in world history. It was given in response to the council's questions on whether Luther would stand by...
Roger Williams' A Letter to the Town of Providence
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Roger Williams' A Letter to the Town of Providence

Roger Williams (l. 1603-1683 CE) was a Puritan separatist who believed in and advocated for the separation of church and state, claiming that politics corrupted religion. He advocated for this policy in a number of his written works but...
Twelve Ancient Persian Mythological Creatures
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Twelve Ancient Persian Mythological Creatures

The mythology of any civilization reflects its core values, greatest fears, and highest hopes and so it is with the mythology of ancient Persia. The great heroes like Karsasp, Thraetaona, and Rustum express particularly Persian values but...
Excerpts from Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Excerpts from Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation

William Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation is the first-hand account of the voyage of the ship Mayflower, founding of Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts, and the further colonization of the region of the United States now known as...
A Short History of the Buddhist Schools
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Short History of the Buddhist Schools

The different Buddhist schools of thought, still operating in the present day, developed after the death of the Buddha (l. c. 563 - c. 483 BCE) in an effort to perpetuate his teachings and honor his example. Each of the schools claimed to...
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