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Portrait of Louis-Charles in the Temple, 1793
Image by Joseph-Marie Vien le jeune

Portrait of Louis-Charles in the Temple, 1793

Portrait of Louis-Charles, dauphin of France (1785-1795) who was recognized by royalists as King Louis XVII of France, during his imprisonment in the Tower of the Temple. In July 1793, he was separated from his family to be "reeducated" in...
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
Image by Château de Versailles

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville

Louise-Antoine, Compte de Bougainville (1729-1811) was a French explorer and former army colonel, who was also a brilliant mathematician. He was a contemporary of Captain James Cook (1728-1779) and a protegée of Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764...
Baroque, Age of Contrasts - Exhibition Interview Schweizerisches Landesmuseum
Article by James Blake Wiener

Baroque, Age of Contrasts - Exhibition Interview Schweizerisches Landesmuseum

The Baroque era, which lasted from roughly 1580 and 1780, was a time of enormous contrasts: Opulence and innovation, on the one hand; death and crises, on the other. Ongoing religious wars and the opening of global trade networks led to mass...
Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau (l. 1749-1791) was a French orator and nobleman who rose to prominence as a leader during the early stages of the French Revolution (1789-1799). From the disgraced and scandalized son of a distinguished...
J. R. Giddings' Account of the Dade Massacre of the Second Seminole War
Article by Joshua J. Mark

J. R. Giddings' Account of the Dade Massacre of the Second Seminole War

The Dade Massacre (also given as the Dade Battle, 28 December 1835) was the opening engagement of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) between Euro-American forces and those of the Seminole, Black Seminole, and runaway slaves who had found...
Château de Chambord
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Château de Chambord

The Chateau de Chambord, located in the Loire Valley of Loir-et-Cher, France, was built between 1519 and 1547 CE. This fine French Renaissance building, although impressive in both size and architectural detail, was commissioned by Francis...
Marie Durand
Definition by Stephen M Davis

Marie Durand

Marie Durand (c. 1715-1776) stands apart in French Protestant history for her courage in the struggle for freedom of conscience. She was imprisoned for 38 years in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes in the south of France, liberated...
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763-1814) was a French noblewoman who was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). She was therefore Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until the annulment of her marriage on 10 January 1810, as well...
Viking Raids on Paris
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Viking Raids on Paris

Throughout the 9th century CE, Viking raids on the region of Francia (roughly modern-day France) increased in frequency, destabilizing the region, and terrorizing the populace. The raids seem to have been inspired by the death of the Holy...
Kingdom of West Francia
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Kingdom of West Francia

The Kingdom of West Francia (843-987 CE, also known as The Kingdom of the West Franks) was the region of Western Europe that formed the western part of the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne (Holy Roman Emperor 800-814 CE) known as Francia...
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