Early modern Europe: Did you mean...?

The Migration Period in Europe (c. 4th–6th centuries CE) marks a prolonged era of movement, conflict, and political transformation rather than a single moment of collapse. Following the death of Emperor Theodosius I (reign 379–395 CE) and...

This map illustrates the situation in Europe in November 1920 in the aftermath of First World War (1914-18), as the continent was reshaped by the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the Treaty of Sèvres (1920). The German Empire had collapsed...

Around 1450 CE, Europe and the Middle East were defined by fragmentation, declining medieval powers, and the rise of new regional states. The Byzantine Empire had contracted to Constantinople and a few outposts, while the Ottoman Empire under...

The Unification of Italy and the Creation of Germany in the mid-19th century, alongside the Congress of Berlin in 1878, redefined the political landscape of Europe, consolidating fragmented states into unified nations while reshaping alliances...

A map of Europe displaying important cities that shaped its history, from antiquity to the present. Cities on the map represent key centers throughout history. Each city represents a distinct period from Athens, Rome, and Constantinople (now...

During World War II (1939-1945), Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (rule 1933-1945) carried out the Holocaust, a systematic, state-directed genocide that resulted in the murder of approximately six million Jews, alongside millions of other...

This map illustrates the situation in Europe following the Peace of Westphalia, signed in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster between May and October 1648. The treaties brought an end to two major conflicts: the Thirty Years’...

This depiction of medieval Western Europe (c. 10th–13th century) illustrates the feudal hierarchy of king, nobles, lords, and peasants, and emphasizes the parallel power and influence of the Church. Land was divided into units known as “fiefs,”...

This map illustrates the expanding trade networks between England and continental Europe during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603). It highlights the growing reach of English merchants across the North Sea, the Baltic, and...

Modern replica of the Russian imperial crown, made as part of the Jewellery project "Creation of Imperial Crown of Russia in modern interpretation" to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the diamond industry in Russia, using white gold (the...