Early modern Europe: Did you mean...?

The social structure of medieval Western Europe (c. 10th–13th centuries) is often described through the framework of feudal relationships and landholding systems that linked rulers, nobles, and rural communities. In this model, political...

Cover of The Formidable Women Who Shaped Medieval Europe: Power and Patronage at the Burgundian Court by Susan Abernethy. This is a collection of 31 women who were related by blood, marriage, and politics to the Valois Dukes of Burgundy...

This map illustrates the geopolitical situation in Europe in the lead-up to the Second World War (1939-45) as authoritarianism and totalitarianism were on the rise across the continent, fueled by political instability, economic crises, and...

Batu Khan (l. 1205-1255 CE) was a grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Golden Horde. Batu was a skilled Mongol military commander and won battles from China to Persia, although his most famous exploits involve the grand Mongol...

This photo shows a reconstruction of the "Cult Wall" of Ludwigshafen, the oldest mural in Europe. The original painting was created around 3860 BCE, depicting hunting trophies of aurochs and bison, fine textiles, as well as a human torso...

The First French Empire, established under Napoleon Bonaparte (Emperor 1804–1814; briefly 1815), represented the high point of French power in Europe following the French Revolution. Through sustained military campaigns and political restructuring...

The Peace of Westphalia (1648), concluded through treaties signed at Osnabrück and Münster (May-October 1648), marked the end of two major conflicts: the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War. What began as a religious and dynastic...

This shaft-hole axe dates back to the early dynastic period,2800-2350 BCE, Mesopotamia, Iraq. (The Sulaimaniya Museum, Iraq).

A map illustrating the growing instability in Europe in the lead-up to World War II, capturing the aggressive territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the failure of appeasement. Between 1935 and 1939, a series of bold geopolitical moves...

This map illustrates the major religious divisions across Europe during the 16th century, a period marked by the sweeping changes of the Reformation. As Protestant movements challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, the religious landscape...