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Stave Churches: Norway’s National Treasures
Stave churches are the most famous medieval buildings in Norway and are admired for their unique architecture and beautiful decorations. They are named after the staves or masts that hold up the main structure...
Definition
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy, also referred to as the Investiture Contest or Investiture Dispute, was a conflict lasting from 1076 to 1122 between the papacy of the Catholic Church and the Salian Dynasty of German monarchs...
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Façade of Surb Karapet Church Church at Noravank
This is the façade of the Surb Karapet Church Church at Noravank Monastery, which is located in present-day Armenia. It was built in the 13th century CE, but it was destroyed repeatedly by earthquakes...
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Medieval Indulgence & Martin Luther
The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale...
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Religion in the Middle Ages
Religion in the Middle Ages, though dominated by the Catholic Church, was far more varied than only orthodox Christianity. In the Early Middle Ages (c. 476-1000), long-established pagan beliefs and practices entwined...
Definition
Tsar
Tsar (also czar) is a Slavic term derived from the Latin caesar. Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (r. 1462-1505) was the first Russian ruler to begin using the title of tsar during his reign instead of the title Grand Prince of Moscow. His grandson...
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The Church of Nativity, Bethlehem
An illustration of the Church of Nativity, Bethlehem, basilica and grounds 1486, as depicted by Konrad von Grünenberg in "Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem" (1487)
Definition
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the...
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Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin
Christ Church Cathedral is believed to have been founded by Dúnán (d. 1074), the first bishop of Dublin and the Norse king of Dublin Sitric Silkenbeard (r. c. 989/995–1036) as a Viking church during the 11th century...
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a law passed in July 1790 during the French Revolution (1789-1799), which caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. An attempt...