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Protestant Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian...
Donation of Constantine
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Donation of Constantine

The Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini or the Donatio) is a medieval forgery dated to the 8th century purporting to be an original 4th-century document in which the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) granted supreme...
Bohemian Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bohemian Reformation

The Bohemian Reformation (c. 1380 to c. 1436) was the first concerted effort by Catholic clergy to reform the abuses and corruption of the medieval Church. Bohemian clerics and theologians called for reform and, like later advocates, initially...
Church of St. Donatus, Zadar
Image by Prolet Decheva

Church of St. Donatus, Zadar

The round church of St. Donatus in Zadar (ancient Iader) in modern-day Croatia was built on top of the ancient Roman forum in the 9th century. It was originally dedicated to the Holy Trinity, but in the 15th century, it was renamed to Saint...
Stave Churches: Norway’s National Treasures
Article by Wanda Marcussen

Stave Churches: Norway’s National Treasures

Stave churches are the most famous medieval buildings in Norway and are admired for their unique architecture and beautiful decorations. They are named after the staves or masts that hold up the main structure of the church. Only 28 stave...
Investiture Controversy
Definition by Michael Griffith

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy, also referred to as the Investiture Contest or Investiture Dispute, was a conflict lasting from 1076 to 1122 between the papacy of the Catholic Church and the Salian Dynasty of German monarchs who ruled the Holy...
Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens
Image by Jebulon

Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens

The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens. Built c. 1000, it is typical of the Byzantine church model copied everywhere across the Byzantine Empire.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Image by Ondřej Žváček

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Completed in July 1149 when the city was the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the church replaced a smaller version on the site considered to be the place of Jesus Christ's crucifixion and...
Church of St. Anne, Jerusalem
Image by Berthold Werner

Church of St. Anne, Jerusalem

The Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem, a rare surviving Crusader church from the 12th century. Built c. 1140 when Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, one of the Crusader States.
Church of Saint Pancrace after 1905 Law of Separation
Image by Greudin

Church of Saint Pancrace after 1905 Law of Separation

The entrance of the Church of Saint Pancrace in Aups after the 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State in France.
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