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A map illustrating the emergence and expansion of one of the largest centralized states in the premodern world - the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) Empire from its foundation in 1526 by Ẓahīr al-Dīn Muḥammad Babur, a Chagatai Turk and a descendant...

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1077–1308 CE) emerged in the aftermath of the Seljuk victory over Byzantium at the Battle of Manzikert (1071), which opened Anatolia to Turko-Persian expansion. The term Rûm (derived from the Greek Rhomaioi, “Romans,”...

The Hanseatic League (c. 13th–17th centuries) was a powerful network of merchant guilds and cities that dominated trade across northern Europe for centuries. Emerging in the late Middle Ages, the League united towns from Lübeck, Hamburg...

A map illustrating the state of the Russian Empire, c. 1796, during the reign of Ekaterina II Alekseyevna (born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst), commonly known as Catherine the Great. Longest ruling Russian Empress (1762 – 1796), she continued...

The Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 13th century BCE saw a great many changes in the ancient world. Many second millennium states disappeared entirely, as cities were destroyed and peoples migrated. Others underwent a process of transformation...

The expansion and consolidation of the Russian Empire around 1725 marked a fundamental transformation in Russia’s place within Europe and Eurasia. During this period, the Russian state shifted from a relatively inward-looking tsardom into...

This map illustrates the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2055–1650 BCE), a period of reunification, stability, and cultural flourishing that followed the turbulence of the First Intermediate Period. Spanning roughly four centuries, it saw the...

At the time of Philip II’s death (reign 359–336 BCE), the Kingdom of Macedon had emerged as the dominant power in the Hellenic world. Through sustained military reform, most notably the development of the Macedonian phalanx, and a combination...

A map of European empires c. 1700. By the 18th century, European power had become truly global through a combination of maritime expansion, state-backed commerce, and military force. The leading Atlantic empires, Spain, Portugal, the Dutch...

This map illustrates the geopolitical situation in the Levant after the death of Herod the Great (ruled 37–4 BCE), the ambitious client king of Judea appointed by the Roman Senate. His death marked the breakup of his kingdom into the Herodian...