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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...

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Japanese Food
Japanese Food.

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British Food Ration Book
A British food ration book. Rationing was introduced during the Second World War (1939-45) and continued for some years after. Each book contained coupons that were required to buy certain foodstuffs in certain quantities. (Imperial War Museums...

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Roman Citizenship
Citizenship is and always has been a valued possession of any individual. When one studies the majority of ancient empires one finds that the concept of citizenship, in any form, was non-existent. The people in these societies did not and...

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Roman Warfare in the Age of Pyrrhus
The Roman army fought many conflicts throughout its long history, though perhaps none so indelible as the Pyrrhic War from 280 to 275 BCE. This war between Rome and a league of Greek colonies in southern Italy led by the city of Tarentum...

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Food Bowl from Ancient Ireland
Bowl found in Bohullion Upper, Co. Donegal, Ireland, c. 1800 BCE.
National Museum of Ireland-Archaeology, Dublin.

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Traditional British Christmas Food
Three traditional dishes eaten during a British Christmas holiday.
Left: Roast turkey
Top Right: Christmas pudding
Bottom right: Christmas cake
(the cake and pudding were made by Ruth Cartwright)

Definition
Roman Legionary
The Roman legionary was a well-trained and disciplined foot soldier, fighting as part of a professional well-organized unit, the legion (Latin: legio), established by the Marian Reforms. While major tactical changes appeared during the final...

Definition
Roman Constitution
Roman constitution was an accumulation of laws, legal decisions, and ancient customs. While today 'constitution' usually refers to a single act of legislation, this was not the case in ancient Rome. Instead, Roman government relied on the...

Definition
Roman Gaul
Roman Gaul is an umbrella term for several Roman provinces in western Europe: Cisalpine Gaul or Gallia Cisalpina, comprised a territory situated in the northernmost part of the Italian peninsula ranging from the Apennines in the west northward...