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Religions in Europe in the 16th Century
Imageby Simeon Netchev

Religions in Europe in the 16th Century

A map illustrating the dominant religious divisions in Europe as the Reformation revolution in the Catholic church burned through Europe in the 16th century. Meanwhile, at the edges of the continent, the Islam introduced to the Balkans by...
Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Articleby Joshua J. Mark

Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

The Autobiography of Saint Ignatius is the story of the life of Ignatius of Loyola (l. 1491-1556) dictated by him to the Jesuit priest Father Louis Gonzalez between 1553-1555, shortly before Loyola's death in 1556. It is an account of his...
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Definitionby Joshua J. Mark

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a widespread slaughter of French Protestants (Huguenots) by Catholics beginning on 24 August 1572 and lasting over two months, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 25,000 people. It began in...
Scripture, Faith, the Sacraments,  and the Holy Spirit in Calvin’s Institutes
Articleby John S. Knox

Scripture, Faith, the Sacraments, and the Holy Spirit in Calvin’s Institutes

The Protestant Reformation was a period of religious history marked by a great defining, debating, and divergence on what it meant to be an orthodox, faithful Christian. To this end, many theologians offered their own explanations of the...
Ignatius of Loyola
Definitionby Joshua J. Mark

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola (l. 1491-1556) was a Basque soldier who became a Catholic priest and theologian after a mystical experience convinced him he was called to the service of Christ. He founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to defend the Church...
Pre-Reformation Church Altar
Imageby David Hawgood

Pre-Reformation Church Altar

A church altar from Jacobstow Church, Cornwall, England. During the English Reformation and reign of Edward VI of England (r. 1547-53 CE), the altar, like many others, was removed to be replaced by a communion table.
Protestant Reformation in Switzerland
Imageby Ascot Elite Entertainment Group

Protestant Reformation in Switzerland

The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland as portrayed in the movie Zwingli (2019). © Ascot Elite Entertainment Group
Thirty Years' War
Definitionby Joshua J. Mark

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local conflict...
Two Accounts of Zwingli's Death
Articleby Joshua J. Mark

Two Accounts of Zwingli's Death

Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) died in the second of the Kappel Wars in 1531, a conflict between Catholic and Protestant forces. Afterwards, two accounts of his death emerged – one Catholic and one Protestant – differing in detail and notable...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Articleby Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
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