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![Reformation in the Netherlands & the Eighty Years' War](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16120.jpg?v=1690866367)
Article
Reformation in the Netherlands & the Eighty Years' War
The Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands was among the most violent and destructive of any region during the first 50 years of the movement, ultimately informing the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), but causing massive destruction and...
![Men of the Protestant Reformation](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15410.jpeg?v=1709243523)
Collection
Men of the Protestant Reformation
The men who initiated and advanced the vision of the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) did not set out, at first, to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church but only to correct what they saw as errors. In doing so, they launched a...
![La Rochelle, a Protestant Stronghold of the French Reformation](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17273.jpg?v=1680807582)
Article
La Rochelle, a Protestant Stronghold of the French Reformation
La Rochelle emerged early in the French Reformation as a Protestant political and military center. The city's fortifications withstood repeated sieges over the years. In 1627, La Rochelle was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu (l. 1585-1642...
![International Monument to the Reformation (Reformation Wall)](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15410.jpeg?v=1709243523)
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International Monument to the Reformation (Reformation Wall)
The International Monument to the Reformation (Reformation Wall), Geneva, Switzerland. The monument honors the leading figures of Calvinism and was unveiled in 1909 on the 400th anniversary of the birth of John Calvin (l. 1509-1564). Reformer...
![Kappel Wars](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15119.jpeg?v=1643110203)
Definition
Kappel Wars
The Kappel Wars (also known as the Wars of Kappel) were armed conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Switzerland during the Swiss Reformation. The First Kappel War ended before it began in 1529, while the second, in 1531, concluded...
![Women of the Protestant Reformation](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15623.jpg?v=1709015528)
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Women of the Protestant Reformation
The contributions of women to the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) were frequently marginalized in the past but have gained wider recognition in the present era. Many women played important roles in spreading the new vision of Christianity...
![Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16011.jpg?v=1654596667)
Article
Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle
Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle (1535) is an eyewitness account by the nun Jeanne de Jussie (l. 1503-1561) relating how the Protestant Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland, impacted the lives of the sisters of her convent of Poor Clares...
![Council of Trent](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16045.jpg?v=1706468044)
Definition
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church...
![Philip Melanchthon](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14843.jpg?v=1644474602)
Definition
Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) was a German scholar and theologian who provided the intellectual rationale and systematized theology for the reformed vision of Christianity of his friend Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546). He was always overshadowed...
![John Knox](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15535.jpeg?v=1685630943)
Definition
John Knox
John Knox (l. c. 1514-1572) was a Scottish theologian and reformer famous for his work in advancing the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, his contentious relationship with Mary, Queen of Scots (l. 1542-1587), and establishing the Presbyterian...