Mamluk: Did you mean...?

The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Middle East. The campaigns brought significant consequences wherever they occurred but also pushed changes within...

Following the conquest of North Africa by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE, Islam spread throughout West Africa via merchants, traders, scholars, and missionaries, that is largely through peaceful means whereby African rulers either tolerated...

Throughout the 15th century, the Portuguese Crown yearned for a piece of the Far Eastern spice trade. For centuries this trade had been dominated by the Venetians who obtained pepper, cloves, nutmeg, ginger and cinnamon from their Middle...

The Mongol Empire accepted and promoted many other cultures. Historians often talk about cultural exchange across Asia in the Mongol Empire as something that was just facilitated by peace and stability across such a huge area – the 'Pax Mongolica'...

Visiting Alexandria, Egypt, once the greatest cultural center of the ancient world, rivaling Athens, Greece, is an unforgettable experience. The food, the wonderful people, and the history at every turn of a street are all dazzling but, if...

A map showing the various Turkic principalities that emerged from the remains of the Sultanate of Rum. The territories shown approximately reflect the 14th Century CE.

A map of the campaign leading to the Battle of Ain Jalut — in 1260 CE.

Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars (aka Baybars) in Cairo, at the National Military Museum.

14th-century CE illustration from a manuscript of depicting the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (Battle of Homs), 1299 CE, in which the Mamluks were routed by the forces of the Mongol Ilkhanate. BNF Nouvelle acquisition française 886, fol. 31v

The mausoleum-madrasa-maristan complex of Qalawun at Bayn al-Qasrayn (al-Muizz street), Cairo.