Frederick I Barbarossa: Did you mean...?

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, was intent on attacking the USSR in the summer of 1941. With Western Europe subdued in 1940, Hitler could finally pursue his dream of territorial expansion in the East, destroy Bolshevism...

A 14th century CE manuscript illustration depicting Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220-1250 CE), and the Sultan of Egypt and Syria al-Kamil (r. 1218-1238 CE) who negotiated the handing over of Jerusalem to Christian rule during the...

Frederick Douglass (l. c. 1818-1895), abolitionist and author. Photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1879. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

Frederick Douglass in his early 30s, daguerreotype by Samuel J. Miller, circa 1847-52. Art Institute of Chicago.

Tomb of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) in Palermo, Sicily.

Gold coin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (l. 1194-1250).

Frederick's birth in Jesi (illustration in Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica, c. 1348 CE)

Gold coin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, minted in Sicily between 1211-1250 CE. Weighs 5.2 grammes and measures 20 mm (British Museum, London)

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Portrait of Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) from the "Manfred manuscript" (Biblioteca Vaticana, Pal. lat 1071) of De arte venandi cum avibus, late 13th century CE.