Frederick I Barbarossa: Did you mean...?

The Treaties of Tilsit were two peace treaties signed in July 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I of France (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and the monarchs of Russia and Prussia in the aftermath of the Battle of Friedland. The treaties ended the War of the...

Portrait of Frederick II of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great, shortly after ascending to the throne, oil on canvas by Antoine Pesne, c. 1740s. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm.

Portrait of Frederick II (the Great), painting by Anton Graff, Berlin, 1781. A portrait of the King of Prussia, Frederick II (the Great), later in life at the age of 68. His military accomplishments during the Seven Year's War made him a...

Frederick the Great Playing the Flute at Sanssouci, painting by Adolph von Menzel, Berlin, c. 1850. Frederick the Great was known for both his martial stratagem and his patronage of the arts. An avid flute player, he would often host concerts...

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local conflict...

The Battle of Białystok-Minsk in Jun-Jul 1941, which involved the encirclement of entire Soviet armies positioned near each city in Poland and Belarus, respectively, was one of the first victories by Nazi Germany and its Axis allies against...

Frederick Douglass, photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1876. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important 19th-century African-American leaders who escaped slavery to become a prominent abolitionist, orator, writer, and social reformer...

Gravestone of Frederick Douglass, photograph by Daniel Penfield, Rochester, New York, 2018. Frederick Douglass died on 20 February 1895 from a heart attack at age 76 or 77 (his exact date of birth in February 1818 is contested). After a...

Lebensraum ('living space'), is a geopolitical concept which was adopted by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, to justify the military domination of Central and Eastern Europe, and then the USSR. Hitler promised that Lebensraum...

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, was intent on attacking the USSR in the summer of 1941. With Western Europe subdued in 1940, Hitler could finally pursue his dream of territorial expansion in the East, destroy Bolshevism...