Frederick I Barbarossa: Did you mean...?

A photograph showing Soviet civilians at Velizh hanged by Axis forces after the battle of Smolensk in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa in the Second World War (1939-45). (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph of German Waffen SS motorcyclists during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph showing German troops on horseback passing a destroyed Soviet T-26 tank during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. Horses were used by both sides for want of mechanised...

This image, a miniature from the "Welfenchronik" (History of the Guelphs), which dates to the late twelfth century CE, shows Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE), flanked by his sons.

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...

The Treaties of Tilsit were two peace treaties signed in July 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I of France (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and the monarchs of Russia and Prussia in the aftermath of the Battle of Friedland. The treaties ended the War of the...

The Battle of Kiev (Kyiv) in July-September 1941 was a major Axis victory in Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler's attack on the USSR during the Second World War (1939-45). Hitler wanted the resources of Ukraine since these would allow the...

Frederick Douglass, photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1876. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important 19th-century African-American leaders who escaped slavery to become a prominent abolitionist, orator, writer, and social reformer...

Gravestone of Frederick Douglass, photograph by Daniel Penfield, Rochester, New York, 2018. Frederick Douglass died on 20 February 1895 from a heart attack at age 76 or 77 (his exact date of birth in February 1818 is contested). After a...

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local conflict...