Frederick I Barbarossa: Did you mean...?

Operation Barbarossa (June 22 – December 1941) was the codename for Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939–1945). Conceived by Adolf Hitler (r. 1933–1945) as a war of conquest and ideology, it aimed...

A photograph of German Waffen SS motorcyclists during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph showing a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph showing Soviet civilians at Velizh hanged by Axis forces after the battle of Smolensk in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa in the Second World War (1939-45). (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph showing German troops on horseback passing a destroyed Soviet T-26 tank during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. Horses were used by both sides for want of mechanised...

Portrait of Frederick William II of Prussia, print by Johan Frederick Clemens, London, 1793. Nephew of Frederick the Great, King Frederick William II ruled Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797. Often overlooked in favor of his uncle...

This image, a miniature from the "Welfenchronik" (History of the Guelphs), which dates to the late twelfth century CE, shows Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE), flanked by his sons.

Frederick II of Prussia, later Frederick the Great (1712-1786), painting by Antoine Pesne, c. 1715-1720. This portrait shows Frederick the Great in his childhood. He was the son of the then-Crown Prince of Prussia, Frederick William, and...

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...

The Battle of Kiev (Kyiv) in July-September 1941 was a major Axis victory in Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler's attack on the USSR during the Second World War (1939-45). Hitler wanted the resources of Ukraine since these would allow the...