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Code of Ur-Nammu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Code of Ur-Nammu - The Oldest Law Code in the World

The Code of Ur-Nammu (circa 2100-2050 BCE) is the oldest extant law code in the world. It was written by the Sumerian king Ur-Nammu (reign circa 2112-2094 BCE) or his son Shulgi of Ur (reign 2094 to circa 2046 BCE), centuries before the famous...
Code of Hammurabi
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Code of Hammurabi - The Most Influential Law Code of the Ancient World

The Code of Hammurabi was a set of 282 laws inscribed in stone by the Babylonian king Hammurabi (reign 1792-1750 BCE), who conquered and then ruled ancient Mesopotamia. Although his law code was not the first, it was the most clearly defined...
Draco's Law Code
Definition by Antonios Loizides

Draco's Law Code

Draco was an aristocrat who in 7th century BCE Athens was handed the task of composing a new body of laws. We have no particular clues concerning his life and general biography and the only certainty is that, as an aristocrat and an educated...
Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 & Religious Pluralism
Article by Stephen M Davis

Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 & Religious Pluralism

The Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 defined France's relationship with the Catholic Church for over 100 years. The Organic Articles were added in 1802 and provided state recognition of the Reformed and Lutheran confessions alongside the Catholic...
Hammurabi
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Hammurabi - Conquerer, King, and Law-Giver

Hammurabi (reign 1792-1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, best known for his famous law code, which served as the model for others, including the Mosaic Law of the Bible. He was the first ruler able to successfully...
French Consulate
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

French Consulate

The French Consulate was the government of the First French Republic from 10 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, spanning the last four years of the Republic's existence. Headed by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) as First Consul, the Consulate served...
Map of Napoleonic Europe at its Greatest Extent
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of Napoleonic Europe at its Greatest Extent - Rise and Fall of the French Imperial System, 1804–1815

The First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (reign 1804-1814; 1815) marked the peak of French political and military dominance in Europe following the French Revolution (1789-1799). Through the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon reorganized much...
Imperial Napoleonic Egg by Fabergé
Image by Chuck Redden

Imperial Napoleonic Egg by Fabergé

The 1912 Imperial Napoleonic Egg by Peter Carl Fabergé (1846-1920). The egg was given by Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) to his mother the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna. It commemorated the 100th anniversary of the Russian wars against...
Mesopotamian Government
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Government - Helping and Serving the Gods

Ancient Mesopotamian government was based on the understanding that human beings were created to help and serve the gods. The high priest, king, assembly of elders, governors, and any other officials were recognized as stewards chosen by...
Ur-Nammu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ur-Nammu - Founder of the Sumerian Renaissance

Ur-Nammu (circa 2112-2094 BCE) was the founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur in Sumer, who initiated the so-called Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE), also known as the Sumerian Renaissance. He is best known as the king who composed...
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