Images

The Congress of Vienna (September 1814–June 1815) marked a decisive attempt by Europe’s great powers to reconstruct political order after more than two decades of revolutionary and Napoleonic warfare (1792–1815). Led principally by Austria...

An August 1914 photograph showing the retreat of Belgian troops to Antwerp during the Battle of the Frontiers which opened hostilities on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18). Imperial War Museums

A 1914 photograph showing armour plating on a fortress pierced by shells on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18). Imperial War Museums

A September 1914 photograph showing German artillery troops heading to the Battle of the Frontiers which opened hostilities on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18). Imperial War Museums

An August 1914 photograph showing Belgian troops wearing rather primitive camouflage prior to the Battle of Haleine, part of the wider Battle of the Frontiers which opened hostilities on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18...

Page 1r of the Codex Palatinus Germanicus 367, showing the opening lines of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik), c. 1415 CE. Though the original version of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is believed to have been written...

A map of the Roman Empire under Theodosius I “the Great” (reign 379–395 CE). His reign marked a decisive turning point in Roman imperial history, bringing together political reunification, religious transformation, and institutional strain...

Roman coin depicting Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, c. 39 BCE.

Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia, oil on canvas painting by Jean-Joseph Taillasson, 1787. The Roman poet Virgil reads the Aeneid to Augustus and his sister Octavia Minor. Octavia is shown fainting after Virgil references...

Marble bust of a Roman woman, possibly Octavia Minor, sister of Augustus, 20-10 BCE. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.