Edward I of England reigned as king from 1272 to 1307 CE. Edward succeeded his father Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272 CE) and was known as 'Longshanks' for his impressive height and as 'the Hammer of the Scots' for his repeated attacks on Scotland. In an eventful and often brutal reign, he fought in a crusade, subdued Wales, had a good go at conquering Scotland, and built many fine castles which still survive today, particularly in North Wales. He was succeeded by his son Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327 CE) and then his grandson Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE).
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Definition
Timeline
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17 Jun 1239Birth of Edward I of England.
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Oct 1254Prince Edward (future Edward I of England) marries Eleanor of Castile.
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14 May 1264Simon de Montfort imprisons Henry III of England and Prince Edward and declares himself king.
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May 1265Prince Edward, future Edward I of England, manages to escape his captors and form a royalist army to try and reinstate his father, Henry III of England.
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4 Aug 1265Prince Edward, future Edward I of England, defeats the pretender Simon de Montfort at Evesham.
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1272 - 1307Reign of Edward I of England.
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16 Nov 1272Death of Henry III of England of a stroke.
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19 Aug 1274Edward I of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
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1275The Statute of Westminster encodes 51 new laws, many based on the Magna Carta.
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1276An army of Edward I of England defeats Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, then Prince of Wales.
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1283 - 1292Conwy Castle in Wales is built by Edward I of England.
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1283 - 1330Caernarfon Castle in Wales is built, a project begun by Edward I of England.
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1283 - 1330Harlech Castle in Wales is built by Edward I of England.
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1284The Statute of Rhuddlan redivides Wales into shires on the English model of local administration.
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25 Apr 1284Edward II of England is born in Caernarfon Castle in Wales.
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1287 - 1290Edward I of England expels all Jews from his kingdom.
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1290Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England and wife of Edward I, dies.
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Aug 1291A great court is arranged by Edward I of England at Berwick to decide the next king of Scotland: the Great Cause.
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17 Nov 1292Edward I of England selects John Balliol as the new king of Scotland.
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1294The Welsh leader Madog ap Llywelyn attacks and burns Caernarfon Castle.
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1294 - 1295Harlech Castle is twice attacked by the Welsh rebel leader Madog ap Llywelyn.
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Dec 1294 - Jan 1295King Edward I of England is trapped at Conwy Castle over the winter by a force of Welsh rebels.
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1295England's Model Parliament meets for the first time.
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1295Beaumaris Castle in Wales is built by Edward I of England.
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1295Edward I of England recaptures Caernarfon Castle in Wales.
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Feb 1295Scotland formally allies itself with France against England, the beginning of the 'Auld Alliance'.
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1296Edward I of England captures Edinburgh Castle.
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1296 - 1299John Balliol, King of Scotland, is imprisoned in the Tower of London by Edward I of England.
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Apr 1296John Balliol, King of Scotland, renounces his fealty to Edward I of England.
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27 Apr 1296John Balliol, king of Scotland, surrenders to an English army after defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. Edward I of England removes the Stone of Scone to Westminster Abbey.
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8 Jul 1296John Balliol, King of Scotland, is publicly stripped of his crown and royal insignia.
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May 1297A small force led by William Wallace attacks and kills the English sheriff at Lanark.
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May 1297 - Jul 1297A froce led by William Wallace attacks several English garrisons between the rivers Forth and Tay.
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11 Sep 1297A Scottish army led by William Wallace defeats an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
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1298An English army attacks Scotland.
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Mar 1298William Wallace is knighted and made the Guardian of Scotland.
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22 Jul 1298Edward I of England is victorious at the Battle of Falkirk where 20,000 Scots are killed. Stirling Castle is regained.
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10 Sep 1299Edward I of England marries Margaret of France, daughter of Philip III of France.n
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1300An English army again attacks Scotland.
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1301Prince Edward, son of Edward I of England, is formally awarded the title of Prince of Wales.
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1301Yet another English army attacks Scotland.
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1304Another English army attacks Scotland and regains control of Stirling Castle.
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5 Aug 1305Sir William Wallace is captured by the English in Glasgow.
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23 Aug 1305The Scottish national leader William Wallace is charged with treason and executed in London.
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Feb 1306Robert the Bruce declares himself king of Scotland.
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7 Jul 1307Death of Edward I of England from dysentery.
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25 Feb 1308Edward II of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
