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Ancient Handicrafts in Rural Lebanon
Article by Maya Shames

Ancient Handicrafts in Rural Lebanon

Traditional Lebanese handicrafts are considered to be a major sector of the living cultural heritage in the rural areas of Lebanon. Transmitted from one generation to another, traditional rural Lebanese handicrafts have been able to persist...
Cats in the Ancient World
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cats in the Ancient World

Cats and humans have shared in each other's lives for thousands of years and, even though they have not always been regarded as highly as in the present, have played an important role in a number of cultures. Always enigmatic, the cat has...
Temple of the Obelisks
Image by Satak Lord

Temple of the Obelisks

The Temple of the Obelisks in Byblos was an ancient Phoenician temple built in the Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BCE).
Reshef
Image by Elie_plus

Reshef

A gilded bronze statue of the Phoenician god Reshef. From Byblos. (National Museum of Beirut)
Sarcophagus of Ahiram
Image by G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (1936)

Sarcophagus of Ahiram

The Sarcophagus of Ahiram, king of Byblos, bearing the oldest inscription of the Phoenician alphabet, which reads: "Coffin which Ittobaal, son of Ahiram, king of Byblos, made for Ahiram, his father, when he placed him in the 'house of...
Eshmunazar II
Image by Eric Chan

Eshmunazar II

The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, king of the Phoenician city of Sidon in the 5th century BCE. (Louvre, Paris)
Religion in the Ancient World
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Religion in the Ancient World

Religion (from the Latin Religio, meaning 'restraint,' or Relegere, according to Cicero, meaning 'to repeat, to read again,' or, most likely, Religionem, 'to show respect for what is sacred') is an organized system of beliefs and practices...
Writing
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Writing

Writing is the physical manifestation of a spoken language. It is thought that human beings developed language c. 35,000 BCE as evidenced by cave paintings from the period of the Cro-Magnon Man (c. 50,000-30,000 BCE) which appear to express...
Europe
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Europe

Europe is a continent forming the westernmost part of the land mass of Eurasia and comprised of 49 sovereign states. Its name may come from the Greek myth of Europa, but human habitation of the region predates that tale, going back over 150,000...
Punic Wars
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage and Rome between 264 BCE and 146 BCE. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage...
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