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Maria Theresa
Definition

Maria Theresa - The Great Habsburg Empress

Maria Theresa (1717-1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy, a sprawling empire that included Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and other territories spread out across Italy, the Netherlands, and Central Europe...
Albigensian Crusade
Definition

Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade (aka Cathars' Crusade, 1209-1229 CE), was the first crusade to specifically target heretic Christians - the Cathars of southern France. Not successful in repressing the heresy, the on-off campaigns over...
Fashoda Incident
Definition

Fashoda Incident - When Britain and France Almost Went to War in Africa

The Fashoda Incident of 1898 occurred in Sudan and caused a diplomatic crisis between the British and French empires. A small French force claimed authority over the town of Fashoda...
Quran
Definition

Quran

The Quran (also written Qur’an or Koran), revealed in the 7th century, is the sacred book of Islam, following in the tradition of the Abrahamic faiths, with the Torah as the sacred book of Judaism and the New Testament as the sacred book...
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Definition

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - The Great Enlightened Despot

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), was the son and successor of Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Francis Stephen, aka Francis I (1708-1765), of the imperial house of the Habsburgs. He governed...
Antonín Dvořák
Definition

Antonín Dvořák

Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) was a Czech composer best known for his symphonies, symphonic poems, operas, and chamber music. Dvořák's best-loved works include his 9th Symphony (From The New World), the American quartet, and his Slavonic...
Georges Bizet
Definition

Georges Bizet

Georges Bizet (1838-1875) was a French Romantic composer best known for his opera Carmen and the instrumental music for the play L'Arlésienne. None of his earlier operas had enjoyed any great success, and even Carmen took several...
Map of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Map of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 - Published by J. Barthelemier, Paris

This antique map of India illustrates the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. It was published by J. Barthelemier, successor to Ch. Picquet. The map provides a...
Map of the Ourthe Department
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Map of the Ourthe Department

This antique map of Belgium represents the Ourthe department under the First French Empire. It was produced in the early 19th century by French geographer Pierre-Gilles Chanlaire and is part of the Atlas National de...
Map of the Battle of Rivoli, 14 January 1797
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Map of the Battle of Rivoli, 14 January 1797 - French and Austrian Positions in Detail

This detailed map of the Battle of Rivoli, won by the French Army on 14 January 1797, was dedicated to His Majesty Emperor Alexander by General Jomini. Engraved by Blondeau...
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