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Ancient Persian Warfare
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Persian Warfare

The ancient Persian military evolved from the earlier armed forces of the Medes which, in turn, developed from the warrior class of the indigenous people of the Iranian Plateau, the Aryan migrants (including the Persians) who later settled...
Ninurta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ninurta - The Sumerian Hero-God of War

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Mari
Definition by Henry Curtis Pelgrift

Mari

Mari was a city-state located near the west bank of the Euphrates River in Northern Mesopotamia (now eastern Syria) during the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. One of the earliest known planned cities, Mari is believed to have...
Nergal
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Nergal - The Mesopotamian God of Death, War, and Destruction

Nergal (also known as Erra and Irra) is the Mesopotamian god of death, war, and destruction. He began as a regional, probably agricultural, god of the Babylonian city of Kutha in the Sumerian Early Dynastic I period (circa 2900-2750/2700...
Sumerian Language
Definition by Jason Moser

Sumerian Language

The Sumerian language was spoken in southern Mesopotamia before the 2nd millennium BCE and was the first language to be written in the cuneiform script. It is an isolate language meaning we know of no other languages that relate to it ancestrally...
Nehushtan
Definition by April Lynn Downey

Nehushtan

According to the Bible, Nehushtan was a metal serpent mounted on a staff that Moses had made, by God's command, to cure the Israelites of snake bites while wandering in the desert. The symbol of snakes on a staff or pole is a motif that is...
Foundation Pegs, from Ningirsu Temple, Girsu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Foundation Pegs, from Ningirsu Temple, Girsu

Each peg has a very faint cuneiform inscription of Gudea, the ruler of the city-state of Lagash. Foundation pegs were buried in the foundation of buildings to magically protect them and preserve the builder's name for posterity. In this...
Stone Foundation Tablet of Gudea
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Stone Foundation Tablet of Gudea

This tablet mentions the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, to commemorate restoration of the Temple of Nindara. Found below the pavement of the Temple of Nindara at Ur, Southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. Lagash II period. (The British Museum...
Seated Figure of Gudea
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Seated Figure of Gudea

The lower half of this carved and polished granite statue has survived. It probably represents a seated figure of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. Lagash II period, circa 2150 BCE. From Seleucia ad Tigrim (5 miles south-west of Seleucia), Mesopotamia...
Inscribed Giant River-worn Pebble
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Inscribed Giant River-worn Pebble

The cuneiform inscriptions mention that Enannatum, king of Lagash, reminds the gods of his prolific temple building achievements in the city of Lagash. From Girsu (modern-day Tell Telloh, Dhi-Qar Governorate, Iraq), Mesopotamia. Early dynastic...
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