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Ninurta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ninurta

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Sumer
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sumer - The Cradle of Civilization

Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq and parts of Kuwait), which has long been considered the cradle of civilization. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and...
Nehushtan
Definition by April Lynn Downey

Nehushtan

According to the Bible, Nehushtan was a metal serpent mounted on a staff that Moses had made, by God's command, to cure the Israelites of snake bites while wandering in the desert. The symbol of snakes on a staff or pole is a motif that is...
Copper alloy foundation figurines with pegs representing Gods
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Copper alloy foundation figurines with pegs representing Gods

Each peg has a very faint cuneiform inscription of Gudea, the ruler of the city-state of Lagash. Foundation pegs were buried in the foundation of buildings to magically protect them and preserve the builder's name for posterity. In this...
Limestone Head of a Man
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Limestone Head of a Man

Limestone head of a statue, probably Gudea, ruler of Lagash. The rest of the body is missing. Probably from Tell Telloh (ancient Girsu), southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. (The Pergamon Museum, Berlin). 
Foundation Pegs, from Ningirsu Temple, Girsu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Foundation Pegs, from Ningirsu Temple, Girsu

Each peg has a very faint cuneiform inscription of Gudea, the ruler of the city-state of Lagash. Foundation pegs were buried in the foundation of buildings to magically protect them and preserve the builder's name for posterity. In this...
Statue of Ur-ningirsu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Statue of Ur-ningirsu

The cuneiform inscriptions on the back of this small diorite statue (height 18 cm) read, "Dedicated to the god Ningizzida, his god, by Ur-ningirsu, priest-prince of Lagash, son of Gudea, priest-prince of Lagash." This bearded man is Ur-ningirsu...
Mesopotamian Art and Architecture
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Art and Architecture - The Birth of Art and Architecture in the Ancient World

Ancient Mesopotamian art and architectural works are among the oldest in the world, dating back over 7,000 years. The works first appear in northern Mesopotamia prior to the Ubaid period (circa 6500-4000 BCE) and then developed in the south...
Nisaba
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Nisaba

Nisaba (also Naga, Se-Naga, Nissaba, Nidaba, and associated with Nanibgal) is the Sumerian goddess of writing, accounts, and scribe of the gods. Although her name is commonly given as Nidaba, noted scholar Jeremy Black points out that "the...
Sumerian Language
Definition by Jason Moser

Sumerian Language

The Sumerian language was spoken in southern Mesopotamia before the 2nd millennium BCE and was the first language to be written in the cuneiform script. It is an isolate language meaning we know of no other languages that relate to it ancestrally...
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