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12 Great Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia - The Rise and Fall of the Earliest Cities in the World
The great cities of Mesopotamia ("the land between two rivers") developed prior to the late 4th millennium BCE along two rivers – the Tigris and Euphrates – and were fully established by the Early Dynastic period (circa 2900 to circa 2350/2334...
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Headless Statue of Entemena of Lagash
This black diorite statue depictes Entemena, a king (or ruler) of Lagash, around 2400 BCE; identified by the cuneiform inscriptions on the right shoulder and back. The king wears the typical flounced Sumerian skirt. The statue was found in...
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Votive Mace Head from Lagash
This mace head was inscribed with a cuneiform text. The text says that the mace is dedicated to the god Kindazi by the lady Ninkagina, both on her own behalf and that of Nam-mahani, who was a king of Lagash. The mace head itself has a name...
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Stone Pebble of Prince Eannatum of Lagash
A variety of pebbles, clay tablets, and plaques were found at the ancient city of Lagash and girsu. The cuneiform inscriptions mention on them the name of Eannatum, prince and ruler of Lagash. The narration usually states that he was given...
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King Enannatum I of Lagash
The inscriptions on this stone plaque mention the name of Enannatum I, king (or ruler) of Lagash. The plaque was fixed to a wall of a shrine or temple. The king's hands are folded in a worship position. c. 2420 BCE, from Girsu (modern Tell...
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Gudea Cylinders
These two cylinders were commissioned by Gudea of Lagash (c. 2144-2124 BCE) as a literary and historical record of the construction of the temple of Ningirsu.
Louvre, Paris
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Obelisk of Ur-Nanshe from Lagash
This large white limestone obelisk was found in Lagash, southern Mesopotamia, in modern-day Iraq. All of the 4 aspects of the obelisk were carved, in reliefs, with different scenes. The frontal surface depicts the Sumerian goddess Nisaba...
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Amarna Letter from Shipti Ba'al of Lagash
This clay tablet is part of the Amarna letters. This letter was sent from Shipti Ba'al, who reassures the Egyptian pharaoh of his loyalty. The letter was written in Babylonian cuneiform inscriptions. 14th century BCE. From Tell el-Amarna...
Definition
Mesopotamian Warfare
Ancient Mesopotamian warfare progressed from companies of a city's militia in Sumer to the professional standing armies of Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia and from conflicts over land or water rights to wars of conquest and political...
Definition
Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia - Era of Many of the "Firsts" in Civilization
The Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia is the modern-day archaeological term for the era in Mesopotamian history – circa 2900 to circa 2350/2334 BCE – during which some of the most significant cultural advances were made, including the...