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Smashed Jewish Shops, Magdeburg
A photograph showing smashed Jewish-owned shops in Magdeburg, Germany. The Nazis orchestrated Kristallnacht (‘Night of Broken Glass’), an attack on Jews and Jewish property across Germany and Austria on 9-10 November, 1938. (German Federal...

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Jewish Bread-Stamp from Sardis
In the Late Roman Period, the Jewish faith was expressed through symbols of personal items in much the same way as for Christianity. The Jewish "Menorah" is depicted on this bread-stamp. The stamp bears the name of "Leontios", which perhaps...

Definition
First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate of ancient Rome was an uneasy alliance between the three titans Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus which, from 60 BCE until 53 BCE, dominated the politics of the Roman Republic. Alliances have always been a part of history...

Definition
Old Testament
Old Testament is the Christian name for the books of the Jewish scriptures that constitute the first half of the Christian Bible. "Old" in this sense was a means to distinguish Judaism from Christianity at the creation of the New Testament...

Definition
New Testament
New Testament is the name for the second half of the Christian Bible, compiled from the 2nd century CE, after the separation of Christianity from Judaism. The Christian Bible retained books of the Jewish scriptures, the Old Testament, as...

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Nazi Classification of Jewish People
A chart showing the classification of Jewish people and marriage restrictions in Nazi Germany after the Nuremberg Laws were passed in September 1935.

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Jewish Boys In Nazi-occupied Poland
Three young Jewish boys on the street in Chełm, Nazi-occupied Poland. They are all wearing a Star of David badge on their coats. The photograph was taken between 8 August and 13 September 1941, by a soldier who was stationed in the town with...

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Walled Jewish Ghetto, Warsaw
A photograph showing a walled-off Jewish ghetto in Warsaw following the German occupation of Poland from September 1939. (Imperial War Museums)

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Jewish Mosaic of a Date Palm
This mosaic was once part of the mosaic found in an ancient synagogue in what's present-day Tunisia. This specimen dates from c. 550 CE and is made of stone and mortar. The date palm likely symbolized the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil...

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Gopala Jewish Tombstone
This rock is an inscribed tombstone of a deceased Jewish woman. The inscriptions are in Hebrew. Her name was "Siporah daughter of Dan". The date on the tombstone is 1356/1357 CE. From Gopala village, Bazian (Baziyan), Sulaymaniyah Governorate...