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Schmalkaldic War
The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) was fought between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic armies under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who, having failed to achieve religious unity of his subjects at the Diet of Augsburg...
Definition
Józef Poniatowski
Prince Józef Poniatowski (1763-1813) was a Polish soldier and patriot, who served as commander-in-chief of the Polish army during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). A steadfast ally of French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815...
Article
The History Of Chess - A 1500-year-old Strategy Game
The game of chess has a particularly long and fascinating history of more than 1500 years. Over the centuries, there have also been hundreds of different chess variants, all of which incorporate the...
Article
Battle of Kursk - Largest Tank Battle in History
The Battle of Kursk (Jul-Aug 1943), which involved nearly 6,000 tanks, was the largest tank battle in history and ended in a decisive victory for the Red Army in WWII (1939-45). Two Axis armies had attempted...
Article
German Spring Offensive - Ludendorff's Last Chance to Win WWI
The German Spring Offensive, also called the Ludendorff Offensive after its commander, was the last major German advance of the First World War (1914-18). From March to July 1918, Ludendorff...
Curriculum Collection
AP World History Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections (c. 1450–1750)
Between 1450 and 1750, new maritime technology allowed European states to reach the Americas, Africa, and Asia by sea for the first time, linking the Eastern and Western Hemispheres in...
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Map of Europe on the Eve of World War I, June 1914 - Alliances, Empires, Borders, and Military Power
Between German unification (1871) and the outbreak of the First World War (1914), European international relations were increasingly shaped by alliance diplomacy...
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Map of the Magellan–Elcano Voyage, 1519–1522 - The First Recorded Circumnavigation of the World
A map of the Magellan–Elcano expedition (1519–1522), a Spanish-sponsored maritime voyage authorized under Charles I of Spain (reign 1516–1556; later Holy Roman Emperor...
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
A representation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the fabled gardens which possibly adorned the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 BCE). By Ferdinand Knab...
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Magellan's Ship Victoria
An illustration showing Victoria, one of the five ships which made up the fleet commanded by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe in 1519-22...
