Establishment: Did you mean...?

A 17th-century painting by Henri Testelin titled Establishment of the French Academy of Sciences and of Paris Observatory. Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715) is shown being presented the founding members of the Academy and Observatory (shown...

The Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) was the social movement that arose from widespread and diverse discontent with the monarchic government of Iran. The revolution was fought against the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah (r. 1941-1979), and it...

The House of Burgesses (1619-1776 CE) was the first English representative government in North America, established in July 1619 CE, for the purpose of passing laws and maintaining order in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia and the other settlements...

Mesopotamian education was invented by the Sumerians following the creation of writing c. 3500 BCE. The earliest schools were attached to temples but later established in separate buildings in which the scribes of ancient Mesopotamia learned...

The first comprehensive survey of Sri Lankan art organized by an American museum, The Jeweled Isle: Art from Sri Lanka, on show now at the LACMA in Los Angeles, California, presents some 250 works addressing nearly two millennia of Sri Lankan...

A map showing the troop dispositions at the Battle of Chillianwala on 13 January 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-9) between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire. The battle was indecisive with heavy casualties on...

A map showing the troop formations at the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6). Sobraon was the last of four major victories for the British East India Company (EIC) against the Sikh empire and so...

The Puritans were English Protestant Christians, primarily active in the 16th-18th centuries CE, who claimed the Anglican Church had not distanced itself sufficiently from Catholicism and sought to 'purify' it of Catholic practices. The term...

The different Buddhist schools of thought, still operating in the present day, developed after the death of the Buddha (l. c. 563 - c. 483 BCE) in an effort to perpetuate his teachings and honor his example. Each of the schools claimed to...

The Counter-Reformation (also known as the Catholic Reformation, 1545 to c. 1700) was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648). It is usually dated from the Council of Trent in 1545 to the end of the Great...