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Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia
Article by Jan van der Crabben

Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia

The ancient Near East, and the historical region of the Fertile Crescent in particular, is generally seen as the birthplace of agriculture. The first agricultural evidence comes from the Levant, from where it spread to Mesopotamia, enabling...
The Aztec Calendar
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Aztec Calendar

The Aztecs of ancient Mexico measured time with a sophisticated and interconnected triple calendar system which followed the movements of the celestial bodies and provided a comprehensive list of important religious festivals and sacred dates...
The Fall of Tenochtitlan
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Fall of Tenochtitlan

The fall of Tenochtitlan on 13 August 1521 was a decisive moment in the dramatic collapse of the Aztec empire which had dominated Mesoamerica. Led by Hernán Cortés (1485-1547), the Spanish conquistadors enjoyed superior weapons and tactics...
Agriculture in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

Agriculture in the British Industrial Revolution

Agriculture, like most other areas of working life, was greatly affected by the machines invented during the Industrial Revolution. Agriculture in Britain and elsewhere had made leaps forward in the 18th century, and its success released...
Aztec Sacrifice
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Aztec Sacrifice - How the Aztecs Kept Their Gods Happy

The religion of the Aztec civilization which flourished in ancient Mesoamerica (1345-1521 CE) has gained an infamous reputation for bloodthirsty human sacrifice with lurid tales of the beating heart being ripped from the still-conscious victim...
Ahuitzotl
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ahuitzotl

Ahuitzotl (Auitzotl) was an Aztec ruler who reigned between 1486 and 1502 CE. He was one of the greatest generals of the ancient Americas and he left to his nephew, Montezuma, an enlarged and consolidated empire which had been ruthlessly...
Chinampas
Definition by Jordy Samuels

Chinampas - Mexico's Human-Made Agricultural Islands

Chinampas are human-made islands built in shallow lakebeds that have fed the people of Mesoamerica and shaped local ecosystems for over a thousand years. Sometimes referred to as 'floating gardens,' these agricultural feats of engineering...
Aztec Ceremonial Knife
Article by Mark Cartwright

Aztec Ceremonial Knife

The Aztec mosaic-handled knife currently in the British Museum, London dates to between 1400 and 1521 CE and is thought to have been used in religious ceremonies. Made from wood and flint the knife handle represents an Aztec warrior but the...
Montezuma
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Montezuma - Last Ruler of the Aztecs

Montezuma (aka Moctezuma), or more correctly, Motecuhzoma II Xocoyotzin, meaning 'Angry Like A Lord’, was the last fully independent ruler of the Aztec empire before the civilization's collapse after the Spanish Conquest in the early 16th...
Ancient Egyptian Agriculture
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Agriculture

Agriculture was the foundation of the ancient Egyptian economy and vital to the lives of the people of the land. Agricultural practices began in the Delta Region of northern Egypt and the fertile basin known as the Faiyum in the Predynastic...
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