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Lord Chelmsford
Image by Lock & Whitfield

Lord Chelmsford

A portrait of Frederic Thesiger, better known as Lord Chelmsford (1827-1905), who was appointed to lead a punitive British expedition into the Zulu kingdom but infamously lost the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879, the first encounter...
John Chard
Image by Lock & Whitfield

John Chard

An 1881 photograph of John Chard, a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Engineers who, as a lieutenant, famously led his men at the battle of Rorke's Drift, a small mission station attacked by Zulu warriors during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879...
How Diamonds Transformed Southern Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Diamonds Transformed Southern Africa - Kimberley's Blood, Sweat & Segregation

The discovery of diamonds in 1867 in Griqualand ultimately transformed the entire region of Southern Africa. Huge European financial investment and significant immigration followed. The diamonds led to Britain taking over Griqualand and the...
Ancient Nara
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Nara

Nara, located around 30 km south of modern Kyoto, was the capital of ancient Japan between 710 and 784 CE. It gave its name to the Nara Period (710-794 CE), although the name during the 8th century CE was Heijokyo. Modelled on the Chinese...
Kofukuji
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kofukuji

Kofukuji is a Buddhist temple which was founded in 669 CE and relocated to its present location in Nara, Japan in 710 CE. It was the main Buddhist temple of the influential Fujiwara clan during the Heian Period (794-1185 CE). The temple's...
Fashoda Incident
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Fashoda Incident - When Britain and France Almost Went to War in Africa

The Fashoda Incident of 1898 occurred in Sudan and caused a diplomatic crisis between the British and French empires. A small French force claimed authority over the town of Fashoda (modern Kodok) and the Upper Nile Valley. A much larger...
Berlin Conference 1884-5
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Berlin Conference 1884-5 - Establishing the Rules of the Scramble for Africa

The Berlin Conference, also known as the Berlin West Africa Conference, was held between November 1884 and February 1885. Imperial powers, notably Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany, met to thrash out their competing claims for control...
Queen Victoria
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria of Great Britain (r. 1837-1901) was one of the most loved of all Britain's monarchs. Her longevity, devotion to her role as figurehead of an empire, and recovery from the death of her beloved husband Prince Albert won her a...
Jameson Raid
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Jameson Raid - The Failed British Coup in Transvaal

The Jameson Raid was an unofficial and failed attempt by the British to take over the Boer Republic of Transvaal in Southern Africa in December 1895. Masterminded by the millionaire imperialist Cecil Rhodes, the raid failed to gain support...
Witwatersrand Gold & the Creation of South Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

Witwatersrand Gold & the Creation of South Africa

The discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in Transvaal in 1886, coupled with that of diamonds at Kimberley in 1867, transformed the entire region of Southern Africa. The 'Rand' proved to be the largest gold deposit in the world, and it led to...
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