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House of the Birds, Italica (Spain)
Image by Carole Raddato

House of the Birds, Italica (Spain)

The House of the Birds is a large residence in Italica (an archaeological site located in modern-day Santiponce, 9 kilometres (5.5 miles) north of Seville in Spain) endowed with a good quantity of mosaics of high quality. One of them, the...
Terraced Sanctuary of Munigua, Spain
Image by Carole Raddato

Terraced Sanctuary of Munigua, Spain

View of the western wall of the terraced sanctuary of Munigua (Spain) built in around 70 CE. Located on the slope of a hill, the santuary was reinforced by buttresses at the rear, giving it the appearance of a fortress.
Roman Standard
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Roman Standard

The Roman Standard (Latin: Signum or Signa Romanum) was a pennant, flag, or banner, suspended or attached to a staff or pole, which identified a Roman legion (infantry) or Equites (cavalry). The Standard of a cavalry unit was emblazoned with...
Roman Law
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Roman Law

Roman laws covered all facets of daily life. They were concerned with crime and punishment, land and property ownership, commerce, the maritime and agricultural industries, citizenship, sexuality and prostitution, slavery and manumission...
Stage Building of the Theatre of Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain)
Image by Carole Raddato

Stage Building of the Theatre of Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain)

The front of the stage (scaenae frons) of the Roman theatre of Augusta Emerita (modern-day Mérida in Spain) is the most oustanding feature of the building. It consists of a high podium 2.60 metres (8.5 feet) high with Corinthian columns almost...
The Year of the Four Emperors & the Demise of Four Roman Legions
Article by Donald L. Wasson

The Year of the Four Emperors & the Demise of Four Roman Legions

During the Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE), the fight between Vitellius and Vespasian would ultimately bring about the demise of four legions, the XV Primigenia, I Germanica, IIII Macedonica, and XVI Gallia. All four of these legions had...
The Splendours of Roman Algeria
Article by Carole Raddato

The Splendours of Roman Algeria

Algeria, Africa's largest country, stretches from the Mediterranean coastline to the Saharan desert interior. The country has some of the finest and most diverse Roman sites, including Timgad and Djémila, both well-preserved and UNESCO-listed...
Statue of Abd al-Rahman I in Spain
Image by NoelWalley

Statue of Abd al-Rahman I in Spain

A statue of Abd al-Rahman I (731 – 788 CE) in Almuñécar, Spain. He was the founder of the Emirate (and later Caliphate) of Cordoba which rivaled the Abbasids.
Miravet Castle, Spain
Image by PMRMaeyaert

Miravet Castle, Spain

The castle of Miravet, north-east Spain, built by the medieval military order the Knights Templar (c. 1119-1312 CE), which they acquired in 1153 CE.
Joseph Bonaparte As King of Spain
Image by François Gérard

Joseph Bonaparte As King of Spain

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) as king of Spain (r. 1808-1813) in his coronation robes, oil on canvas by François Gérard, 19th century. Musée national du Château de Fontainebleau.
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