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Discovery of X-Rays
The discovery of X-rays – a form of invisible radiation that can pass through objects, including human tissue – revolutionised science and medicine in the late 19th century. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923), a German scientist, discovered...
Article
The Pre-WWI Alliance System - Triple Entente v. Triple Alliance
The alliance system in Europe was one of the causes of the First World War (1914-18), although it did not make war inevitable. In the first decade of the 20th century, the Triple Entente powers of Great Britain, France, and Russia stood against...
Article
Napoleon Bonaparte During the Early French Revolution (1789-1794)
Of all the careers that soared to meteoric heights during the chaotic decade of the French Revolution (1789-1799), none was more spectacular nor impactful than that of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). From an unremarkable birth into minor...
Article
Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 & Religious Pluralism
The Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 defined France's relationship with the Catholic Church for over 100 years. The Organic Articles were added in 1802 and provided state recognition of the Reformed and Lutheran confessions alongside the Catholic...
Article
Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)
On 20 April 1792, King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) stood before the Legislative Assembly and, with a faltering voice, read a declaration of war against Austria, to the ecstatic delight of the gathered deputies. This declaration sealed...
Article
Battle of Tourcoing
The Battle of Tourcoing (17-18 May 1794) was a major engagement in the War of the First Coalition, the first phase of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). It saw an army of the French Republic successfully fend off a six-pronged attack...
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Medieval Baltic Populations Map - c. 1200 CE
Baltic Tribes c. 1200, map by Mapmaster, January 2007 A map depicting the population groups inhabiting the Baltics in around 1200 CE. Borders shown are aproximations. Based on a map by Marija Gimbutas, published in The Balts (1963) LCC 63018018...
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Blue Max Medal
The Prussian (and then German) medal for valour Pour le Mérite, popularly known as the Blue Max during the First World War (1914-18).
Shown in an exhibition of the Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood.
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Signing of the Treaties of Tilsit
A meeting of the monarchs of France, Russia, and Prussia during the signing of the Treaties of Tilsit. Depicted in the center of the painting, from left to right: French Emperor Napoleon I, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Queen Louise of Prussia...
Video
The History of Europe: Every Year
This video shows the borders and populations of each country in Europe, for every year since 400 BC. Vassal states and colonies are not included in the count of a country's population. Sources : 1. Population : - Angus Maddison...