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Pope Joan Giving Birth
A c. 1450 illustration showing Pope Joan giving birth during a procession. Pope Joan was a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Spencer Collection)
Definition
Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Canossa (c. 1046-1115), the Countess of Tuscany (r. 1055-1115) and Vice-Queen of Italy (r. 1111-1115), was the final head of the noble House of Canossa following the deaths of her father in 1052 and her elder brother in 1055. One...
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Pope Joan
A 15-16th century manuscript illustration of Pope Joan, a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
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Pope Urban II
A statue of Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) who called for the First Crusade (1095-1202 CE). Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Pope Innocent III & the Albigensian Crusade
A medieval manuscript illustration showing Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE)
and the crusaders of the Albigensian Crusade in southern France (1209-1229 CE). (Chronicles of Saint-Denis, British Library, London)
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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.
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Effigy of Pope Gregory VII
Wax effigy of Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085).
Cathedral of Salerno, Italy.
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Pope Gregory VII, Pitigliano Cathedral
Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.
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Pope Pius VII
Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805.
Louvre Museum, Paris.
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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE.
Museo dell'Opera, Florence.
