Pope Julius II: Did you mean...?

Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805. Louvre Museum, Paris.

Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)

Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Historian and Professor David Potter (University of Michigan) discusses his latest book Master of Rome: A Life of Julius Caesar (published August 2025). He explores the mysteries of Caesar's...

Statue of St. Gregory the Great in the Oratory of St. Barbara on the Caelian Hill, Rome.

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome...

John Wycliffe (l. 1330-1384, also John Wyclif) was an English theologian, priest, and scholar, recognized as a forerunner to the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Wycliffe condemned the practices of the medieval Church, citing many...

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the...

The Ides of March marks the day of the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. On the 15th of March, some of Julius Caesar's enemies and even friends turned against him in the fear that he was becoming...