Pope Julius II: Did you mean...?

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)

Statue of St. Gregory the Great in the Oratory of St. Barbara on the Caelian Hill, Rome.

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome. The Protestant...

John Wycliffe (l. 1330-1384, also John Wyclif) was an English theologian, priest, and scholar, recognized as a forerunner to the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Wycliffe condemned the practices of the medieval Church, citing many of the...

The Ides of March marks the day of the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. On the 15th of March, some of Julius Caesar's enemies and even friends turned against him in the fear that he was becoming too much like a king, especially since...

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church...

The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and...