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Robert Guiscard with Pope Nicholas II
Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE.
Museo dell'Opera, Florence.

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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

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Pope Pius VII
Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805.
Louvre Museum, Paris.

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Wakefield House at Pope's Creek, Virginia
An engraving of the Wakefield house on Pope's Creek, Virginia, the birthplace of George Washington. Engraving by Benson J. Lossing & William Barritt, 1856, digitalized by Centpacrr, 2013.

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Pope Pius VI
A 1775 portrait by Pompeo Batoni of Pope Pius VI (r. 1775-99). (National Gallery of Ireland)

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Pope Celestine III
Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)

Definition
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536 CE) was a Spanish princess who famously became the Queen of England and the first wife of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE). When the marriage did not produce a male heir, Henry VIII became desperate to...

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Julius Caesar (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
A photorealistic representation of Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) as he may have appeared in life. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including bust, coinage, and descriptions of Julius Caesar in historical accounts. Contemporary...

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Pope Gregory I
Statue of St. Gregory the Great in the Oratory of St. Barbara on the Caelian Hill, Rome.